1、考研英语-438 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The problem to be taken up and the point at which the search for a solution will begin are customarily prescribed by the investigator (1) a subject participating in an (2) on thinking (or by the programmer for a computer). (3) ,
2、 prevailing techniques of (4) in the psychology of thinking have invited (5) of the motivational aspects of thinking. The conditions that determine when the person will begin to think in (6) to some other activity, what he will think about, what direction his thinking will take, and when he will reg
3、ard his search for a solution as successfully terminated (or abandon it as not worth pursuing further) (7) are beginning to attract investigation. (8) much thinking is aimed at (9) ends, special motivational problems are raised by “disinterested“ thinking, in which the (10) of an answer to a questio
4、n is a source of satisfaction in itself.For computer specialists, the detection of a mismatch between the formula that the program so far has (11) and some formula or set of requirements that (12) a solution is what impels continuation of the search and determines the direction it will (13) .Neo-beh
5、aviorists (like psychoanalysts) have made much of secondary (14) value and stimulus generalization; i. e., the tendency of a stimulus pattern to become a source of satisfaction if it resembles or has (15) accompanied some form of biological gratification. The insufficiency of this kind of explanatio
6、n becomes apparent, (16) , when the importance of novelty, surprise, complexity, incongruity, ambiguity, and (17) is considered. Inconsistency between beliefs, between items of incoming sensory information, or between ones belief and an item of sensory information (18) can be a source of discomfort
7、impelling a (19) for resolution through reorganization of belief (20) or through selective acquisition of new information.（分数：10.00）A.forB.intoC.withD.byA.procedureB.experimentC.programD.adventureA.HoweverB.ConsequentlyC.ThusD.SimultaneouslyA.encounterB.obligationC.insightD.inquiryA.considerationB.d
8、iscoveryC.questionD.neglectA.respectB.preferenceC.responseD.returnA.rarelyB.particularlyC.barelyD.definitelyA.AlthoughB.SinceC.UnlessD.ProvidedA.normalB.practicalC.plausibleD.terminalA.processB.recognitionC.predictionD.discoveryA.createdB.contributedC.donatedD.producedA.demandB.defineC.defendD.detec
9、tA.followB.bringC.stimulateD.characterizeA.pressureB.emphasisC.rewardD.profitA.obviouslyB.subsequentlyC.frequentlyD.commonlyA.thoughB.howeverC.moreoverD.thereforeA.popularityB.publicityC.difficultyD.uncertaintyA.broadlyB.evidentlyC.distinctlyD.confusedlyA.searchB.wishC.pleaD.talentA.devicesB.structu
10、resC.systemsD.concepts二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The title of the biography The American Civil War Fighting for the Lady could hardly be more provocative. Thomas Keneally, an Australian writer, is unapologetic. In labeling a hero of the American
11、 civil war a notorious scoundrel he switches the spotlight from the brave actions of Dan Sickles at the battle of Gettysburg to his earlier premeditated murder, of the lover of his young and pretty Italian-American wife, Teresa. It is not the murder itself that disgusts Mr Keneally but Sickless trea
12、tment of his wife afterwards, and how his behavior mirrored the hypocritical misogyny of 19th-century America.The murder victim, Philip Barton Key, Teresa Sickless lover, came from a famous old southern family. He was the nephew of the then chief justice of the American Supreme Court and the son of
13、the writer of the countrys national anthem. Sickles, a Tammany Hall politician in New York turned Democratic congressman in Washington, shot Key dead in 1859 at a corner of Lafayette Square, within shouting distance of the White House. But the murder trial was melodramatic, even by the standards of
14、the day. With the help of eight lawyers, Sickles was found not guilty after using the novel plea of “temporary insanity“. The country at large was just as forgiving, viewing Keys murder as a gallant crime of passion. Within three years, Sickles was a general on the Unionist side in the American civi
15、l War and, as a new friend of Abraham and Mary Lincoln, a frequent sleepover guest at the White House.Mrs Sickles was less fortunate. She was shunned by friends she had made as the wife of a rising politician. Her husband, a serial adulterer whose many mistresses included; Queen Isabella II of Spain
16、 and the madamof an industrialized New York whorehouse, refused to be seen in her company. Laura, the Sickless daughter, was an innocent victim of her fathers vindictiveness and eventually died of drink in the Bowery district of New York.Sickless bold actions at Gettysburg are, in their own way, jus
17、t as controversial. Argument continues to rage among scholars, as to whether he helped the Union to victory or nearly caused its defeat when he moved his forces out of line to occupy what he thought was better ground. James Longstreet, the Confederate general who led the attack against the new posit
18、ion, was in no doubt about the brilliance of the move.Mr Keneally is better known as a novelist. Here he shows himself just as adept at biography, and achieves both his main aims. He restores the reputation of Teresa Sickles, “this beautiful, pleasant and intelligent girl“, and breathes full and con
19、troversial life into a famous military engagement.（分数：10.00）(1).Keneallys biography is intended mainly to（分数：2.00）A.launch a surprise attack on Democratic congressman.B.show sympathy for an abused but reputed lady, Teresa.C.curse bitterly at the hypocrisy of notorious heroes.D.expose the true charac
20、ter of a general in civil war.(2).The author is of the opinion that Keneallys perspectives are（分数：2.00）A.insightful.B.superficial.C.biased.D.skeptical.(3).The case of Mrs Sickles unfortunate story is mentioned to illustrate（分数：2.00）A.Keys murder solely as a gallant crime of passion.B.the controversy
21、 raised over a notorious hero.C.the brilliance of strategies as displayed by Sickles.D.the hypocritical misogyny of 19th-century America.(4).It is generally believed that Sickles shot Key, the lover of his wife（分数：2.00）A.to promote his popularity.B.out of an uncontrollable impulse.C.to revenge his o
22、pponents.D.in view of the ladys reputation.(5).This text appears to be a digest of（分数：2.00）A.a history textbook.B.a magazine feature.C.a book review.D.a newspaper editorial.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The Tuscan town of Vinci, birthplace of Leonardo and home to a museum of his machines, should fittingly
23、 put on a show of the television-robot sculptures of Nam Jun Paik. This Korean-born American artist and the Renaissance master are kindred spirits: Leonardo saw humanistic potential in his scientific experiments, Mr Paik endeavors to harness media technology for artistic purp9ses. A pioneer of video
24、 art in the late 1960s, he treats television as a space for art images and as material for robots and interactive sculptures.Mr Paik was not alone. He and fellow artists picked on the video cameras because they offered an easy way to record their performance art. Now, to mark video arts coming of ag
25、e, New Yorks Museum of Modern Art is looking back at their efforts in a film series called “The First Decade“. It celebrates the early days of video by screening the archives of Electronic Arts Intermix (EAI), one of the worlds leading distributors of video and new media art, founded 30 years ago.On
26、e of EAIs most famous alumni is Bill Viola. Part of the second generation of video artists, who emerged in the 1970s, Mr Viola experimented with videos expressive potential. His camera explores religious ritual and universal ideas. The Viola show at the Deutsche Guggenheim in Berlin shows us moving-
27、image frescoes that cover the gallery walls and envelop the viewer in all-embracing cycles of life and death.One new star is a Californian, Doug Aitken, who took over Londons Serpentine Gallery last October with an installation called “New Ocean“. Some say Mr Aitken is to video what Jackson Pollock
28、was to painting. He drips his images from floor to ceiling, creating sequences of rooms in which the Space surrounds the viewer in hallucinatory images, of sound and light.At the Serpentine, Mr Aitken created a collage of moving images, on the theme of waters flow around the planet as a force of lif
29、e. “I wanted to create a new topography in this work, a liquid image, to show a world that never stands still,“ he says. The boundary between the physical world and the world of images and information, he thinks, is blurring.The interplay of illusion and reality, sound and image, references to art h
30、istory, politics, film and television in this art form that is barely 30 years old can make video art difficult to define. Many call it film-based or moving-image art to include artists who work with other cinematic media. At its best, the appeal of video art lies in its versatility, its power to ca
31、pture the passing of time and on its ability to communicate both inside and outside gallery walls.（分数：10.00）(1).The birthplace of Leonardo is mentioned in the text（分数：2.00）A.to introduce the topic of the technology of video art.B.to pay tribute to this Renaissance master.C.to honor his contribution
32、to scientific discoveries.D.to outline the development of art television.(2).Toward the novel literary idea, the authors attitude seems to be that of（分数：2.00）A.Disapproval.B.Neutrality.C.Appreciation.D.Suspicion.(3).As pointed out in the text, the video art technology is characterized by its（分数：2.00
33、）A.human ingenuityB.complex definition.C.strong appeal.D.amazing interactivity.(4).The videos created by Dough Aitken is used to show a combination of（分数：2.00）A.television and robotics.B.illusion and reality.C.sculptures and paintings.D.space and planets.(5).Which of the following would the best tit
34、le for the text?（分数：2.00）A.“A New Generation 0f Artists“.B.“Video Art is Going Nowhere“.C.“A Cradle of Famous Artists“.D.“New Art for the MTV Generation“.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It may turn out that the “digital divide“-one of the most fashionable political slogans of recent years-is largely fiction
35、. As you will recall, the argument went well beyond the unsurprising notion that the rich would own more computers than the poor. The disturbing part of the theory was that society was dividing itself into groups of technology “haves“ and “have-nots“ and that this segregation would, in turn, worsen
36、already large economic inequalities. It is this argument that is either untrue or wildly exaggerated.We should always have been suspicious. After all, computers have spread quickly because they have become cheaper to buy and easier to use. Falling prices and skill requirements suggest that the digit
37、al divide would spontaneously shrink-and so it has.Now, a new study further discredits the digital divide. The study, by economist David Card of the University of California, Berkeley, challenges the notion that computers have significantly worsened wage inequality. The logic of how this supposedly
38、happens is straightforward: computers raise the demand for high-skilled workers, increasing their wages. Meanwhile, computerization-by automating many routine tasks-reduces the demand for low-skilled workers and, thereby, their wages. The gap between the two widens.Superficially, wage statistics sup
39、port the theory. Consider the ratio between workers near the top of the wage distribution and those near the bottom. Computerization increased; so did the wage gap.But wait, point out Card and DiNardo. The trouble with blaming computers is that the worsening of inequality occurred primarily in the e
40、arly 1980s. With computer use growing, the wage gap should have continued to expand, if it was being driven by a shifting demand for skills. Indeed, Card and DiNardo find much detailed evidence that contradicts the theory. They conclude that computerization does not explain “the rise in U.S. wage in
41、equality in the last quarter of the 20th century.“The popular perception of computers impact on wages is hugely overblown. Lots of other influences count for as much, or more. The worsening of wage inequality in the early 1980s, for example, almost certainly reflected the deep 1981-1982 recession an
42、d the fall of inflation. Companies found it harder to raise prices. To survive, they concluded that they had to hold down the wages of their least skilled, least mobile and youngest workers.The “digital divide“ suggested a simple solution (computers) for a complex problem (poverty). With more comput
43、er access, the poor could escape their lot. But computers never were the source of anyones poverty and, as for escaping, what people do for themselves matters more than what technology can do for them.（分数：10.00）(1).It is generally believed that the digital divide is something（分数：2.00）A.that is respo
44、nsible for economic inequalities.B.deemed to be positive in poverty-relief.C.that results from falling computer prices.D.getting worse because of the Internet.(2).According to the author, the notion that computers are to blame for the wage gap is（分数：2.00）A.quite insightful.B.very contradictory.C.rat
45、her shallow.D.fairly illuminating.(3).The authors attitude toward the opinion held by Card and DiNardo is one of（分数：2.00）A.reserved consent.B.strong disapproval.C.slight contempt.D.enthusiastic support.(4).The author seems to believe that widened wage gap can be attributed to（分数：2.00）A.the impact of
46、 computers on routine work.B.the delayed effects in the early 1980s.C.the complexity of poverty problem.D.the narrowing of the digital divide.(5).The purpose of the author in writing the text is（分数：2.00）A.to advocate the elimination of poverty.B.to justify the influence of the digital divide.C.to de
47、mocratize computer access today.D.to expose the myths of the digital divide.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The dot-com collapse may have been a disaster for Wall Street, but here in Silicon Valley, it was a blessing. It was the welcome end to an abnormal condition that very nearly destroyed the area in an
48、overabundance of success. You see, the secret to the Valleys astounding multiple-decade boom is failure. Failure is what fuels and renews this place. Failure is the foundation for innovation.The valleys business ecology depends on failure the same way the tree-covered hills around us depend on fire-
49、it wipes out the old growth and creates space for new life. The valley has always been in danger of drowning in the unwelcome waste products of success-too many people, too expensive houses, too much traffic, too little office space and too much money chasing too few startups. Failure is the safety valve, the destructive renewing force that frees up people, ideas and capital and recombines them, creating new revolutions.Consider how the Internet revolution came to be. After half a decade of start-up struggles, for example, hundreds of millions of Hollywoo
