1、考研英语-458 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Advances in computers and data networks inspire visions of a future “ information economy“ in which everyone will have (1) to gigabytes of all kinds of information anywhere and anytime. (2) information has always been a (3) diff
2、icult commodity to deal with, and, in some ways, computers and high-speed networks make the problems of buying, (4) , and distributing information goods worse (5) better. The evolution of the Internet itself (6) serious problems. (7) the Internet has been privatized, several companies are (8) to pro
3、vide the backbones that will carry traffic (9) local networks, but (10) business models for interconnection-who pays how much for each packet (11) , for example-have (12) to be developed. (13) interconnection standards are developed that make (14) cheap and easy to transmit information across indepe
4、ndent networks, competition will (15) . If technical or economic (16) make interconnection difficult, (17) transmitting data across multiple networks is expensive or too slow, the (18) suppliers can offer a significant performance (19) ; they may be able to use this edge to drive out competitors and
5、 (20) the market.（分数：10.00）A.admissionB.accessC.rightD.commandA.BecauseB.ThoughC.ButD.IfA.distinctlyB.notoriouslyC.well-knownD.especiallyA.manufacturingB.sellingC.allottingD.purchasingA.more thanB.less thanC.thanD.rather thanA.posesB.producesC.makesD.bringsA.Provided thatB.In thatC.Now thatD.Given t
6、hatA.competingB.strugglingC.fightingD.contendingA.throughB.inC.onD.betweenA.imaginableB.credibleC.workableD.tangibleA.transmittedB.transferredC.transformedD.transportedA.butB.yetC.stillD.thenA.IfB.BecauseC.ThoughD.ForA.thatB.whatC.itD.whichA.prosperB.improveC.promoteD.flourishA.elementsB.factorsC.in
7、gredientsD.componentsA.so thatB.for thatC.in thatD.except thatA.biggestB.vastestC.largestD.greatestA.benefitB.drawbackC.profitD.advantageA.predominateB.takeC.enlargeD.monopolize二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For years Internet merchants have poured
8、millions of dollars into new technologies to make their sites easier to use. So why arent online customers happier?Customer satisfaction levels have remained almost flat through the last several years. The problem, according to Larry Freed, chief executive of a consulting and research firm called Fo
9、reSee Results, is not so much that consumers have ignored the many improvements made in recent years. Rather, he said, they still expect more from Internet shopping than it has delivered.“If we walk into a local store, we dont expect that experience to be better than it was a couple years ago,“ Mr.
10、Freed said. “But we expect sites to be better. The bar goes up every year. “ In ForeSees latest survey, released last month, just five e-commerce sites registered scores higher than 80 out of 100, and no site scored higher than 85. It was much the same story a year ago, when just five scored higher
11、than 80, with no site surpassing 85. “Scores have inched up over time for the best e-commerce companies, but the overall numbers havent moved drastically,“ Mr. Freed said. “At the same time though, if you dont do anything you see your scores drop steadily. “That dynamic has been a challenge for onli
12、ne merchants and investors, who a decade ago envisioned Internet stores as relatively inexpensive (and therefore extremely profitable) operations. Now some observers predict a future where online retailers will essentially adopt something like the QVC model, with sales staff pitching the sites merch
13、andise with polished video presentations, produced in a high-tech television studio.QVC.com is evolving in that direction. The Web site, which sold more than $1 billion in merchandise in 2006, has for the last five years let visitors watch a live feed of the networks broadcast. But in recent months,
14、 QVC.com has also given visitors the chance to watch archives of entire shows, and in the coming months visitors will be able to find more video segments from recent shows, featuring individual products that remain in stock. Bob Myers, senior vice president of QVC.com, said the Web sites video sales
15、manship is especially effective when combined with detailed product information, customer reviews and multiple photographs.About eight months ago, for instance, a customer said that she could not determine the size of a handbag from the photographs on the site because she could not tell the height o
16、f the model who was holding it. Within two weeks the site tested and introduced a new system, showing the bags with women of three different heights. The results were immediate: women who saw the new photographs bought the bags at least 10 percent more frequently than those who had not.Still, Mr. My
17、ers said, video is a critically important element to sales. “E-commerce started with television commerce,“ he said. “The sites who engage and entertain customers will be winning here in the near future. “ Such a prospect is not necessarily daunting to other e-commerce executives. Gordon Magee, head
18、of Internet marketing for Drs. Foster scientists estimate, for example, that 137 species of plant, insect or animal become extinct every day due to logging. In British Columbia, where, since 1990, thirteen rainforest valleys have been clearcut, 142 species of salmon have already become extinct, and
19、the habitats of grizzly bears, wolves and many other creatures are threatened. Logging, however, provides jobs, profits, taxes for the government and cheap products of all kinds for consumers, so the government is reluctant to restrict or control it.Much of Canadas forestry production goes towards m
20、aking pulp and paper. According to the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association, Canada supplies 34% of the worlds wood pulp and 49% of its newsprint paper. If these paper products could be produced in some other way, Canadian forests could be preserved. Recently, a possible alternative way of producing
21、paper has been suggested by agriculturalists and environmentalists: a plant called hemp.Hemp has been cultivated by many cultures for thousands of years. It produces fiber which can be made into paper, fuel, oils, textiles, food, and rope. For many centuries, it was essential to the economies of man
22、y countries because it was used to make the ropes and cables used on sailing ships; colonial expansion and the establishment of a world wide trading network would not have been possible without hemp. Nowadays, ships cables are usually made from wire or synthetic fibres, but scientists are now sugges
23、ting that the cultivation of hemp should be revived for the production of paper and pulp. According to its proponents, four times as much paper can be produced from land using hemp rather than trees, and many environmentalists believe that the large-scale cultivation of hemp could reduce the pressur
24、e on Canadas forests.However, there is a problem : hemp is illegal in many countries of the world. This plant, so useful for fiber, rope, oil, fuel and textiles, is a species of cannabis, related to the plant from which marijuana is produced. In the late 1930s, a movement to ban the drug marijuana b
25、egan to gather force, resulting in the eventual banning of the cultivation not only of the plant used to produce the drug, but also of the commercial fiber-producing hemp plant. Although both George Washington and Thomas Jefferson grew hemp in large quantities on their own land, any American growing
26、 the plant today would soon find himself in prison-despite the fact that marijuana cannot be produced from the hemp plant, since it contains almost no THC (the active ingredient in the drug).In recent years, two major movements for legalization have been gathering strength. One group of activists be
27、lieves that ALL cannabis should be legal-both the hemp plant and the marijuana plant-and that the use of the drug marijuana should not be an offense. They argue that marijuana is not dangerous or addictive, and that it is used by large numbers of people who are not criminals but productive members o
28、f society. They also point out that marijuana is less toxic than alcohol or tobacco. The other legalization movement is concerned only with the hemp plant used to produce fiber; this group wants to make it legal to cultivate the plant and sell the fiber for paper and pulp production. This second gro
29、up has had a major triumph recently: in 1997, Canada legalized the farming of hemp for fiber. For the first time since 1938, hundreds of farmers are planting this crop, and soon we can expect to see pulp and paper produced from this new source.（分数：10.00）(1).Logging is not banned chiefly because（分数：2
30、.00）A.scientists are overestimating the damage.B.people benefit economically from it.C.some creatures are only threatened but not endangered.D.it provides jobs to the consumers.(2).Canadian forests will not face destruction if（分数：2.00）A.alternative sources for paper products are found.B.logging is b
31、anned by the local government.C.consumers increase their environmental sensitivity.D.Canadian Pulp and Paper Association reduce its production.(3).According to some scientists, Hemps are preferable to trees chiefly because（分数：2.00）A.they are more easily cultivated.B.they have been cultivated by many
32、 cultures for a long time.C.they can produce more paper than trees.D.they can provide more endurable fibers than trees.(4).The author seems to imply in the passage that（分数：2.00）A.the grounds on which hemp is banned cannot be justified.B.drug addiction is an even more serious problem of the world.C.A
33、merican Presidents can be exempt from the punishment of law.D.marijuana is an addictive drug that should be banned worldwide.(5).Which of the following is a reason for the legalization of the hemp plant?（分数：2.00）A.Both the hemp and the marijuana plant are healthy for people.B.Productive members of s
34、ociety depend on marijuana for production.C.Only uncontrolled, long time usage of marijuana will result in addiction.D.The hemp plant is a useful source for the production of paper and pulp.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Some drug makers pay key leaders in a field of medicine, such as chairs of departments
35、 in medical schools, tens of thousands of dollars if they are saying the right things about their product. They manipulate medical education sessions, lectures, articles in medical journals, research studies, even personal conversations between physicians to get their product message across.Now a hu
36、ge collection of drug company internal documents-revealed as part of a lawsuit-offers a wealth of detail. In 1996, Dr. David Franklin, an employee of the drug company Parke-Davis, filed the lawsuit under federal whistleblower statutes alleging that the company was illegally promoting a drug called N
37、eurontin for so called “off-label“ uses. Under federal law, once the FDA approves a drug, a doctor can prescribe it for anything. But the law specifically prohibits the drug company from promoting the drug for any unapproved uses. In 2004, the company, by then a division of Pfizer admitted guilt and
38、 agreed to pay $ 430 million in criminal and civil liability related to promoting the drug for off- label use.Spokespeople for Pfizer say that any wrong doing occurred before Pfizer acquired the company. But Pfizer fought hard to keep all the papers related to the suit under seal. A judge denied the
39、 request and they are now part of the Drug Industry Document Archive at the University of California, San Francisco.What is most interesting is not the illegal actions they reveal, but the details of activities that are perfectly legal. And according to people familiar with the industry, the methods
40、 detailed in these company memos are routine.One tactic identifies certain doctors as “ thought leaders,“-those whose opinions influence the prescribing pattern of other doctors. Those whose views converge with the company goals are then showered with rewards, research and educational grants. In the
41、 Parke-Davis case 14 such big shots got between $10,250 and $158,250 between 1993 and 1997.“Medical education drives this market,“ wrote the author of one Parke-Davis business plan in the files. Many state licensing boards require physicians to attend sessions in what is called continuing medical ed
42、ucation (CME) to keep current in their field.At one time, medical schools ran most CME courses. Now, an industry of medical education and communications committees (MECCs) run most of the courses. These companies with innocent sounding names like Medical Education Systems set up courses, sometimes i
43、n conjunction with medical meetings, at other times often in fancy restaurants and resorts. The drug companies foot the bill, with the program usually noting it was financed by an “unrestricted educational grant“ from the company.Using MECCs, Parke-Davis set up conference calls so that doctors could
44、 talk to one another about the drugs. The moderators of the calls, often thought leaders or their younger assistants, received $ 250 to $ 500 a call. Drug company reps were on the line, instructed to stay in a “listen only“ mode, but monitoring to be sure the pitch met their expectations.Clearly, ma
45、ny of the physicians in these schemes are not innocent bystanders. Whether it is ghost writing, making telephone calls to colleagues or leading a CME session, many of the doctors got paid well. Others received a free meal or transportation to a resort to listen to an “educational session. “Physician
46、s often claim they are not influenced by payments from the pharmaceutical industry. But with the methods so thoroughly detailed in these papers, drug companies clearly believe they are getting their moneys worth.（分数：10.00）(1).The drug companies are willing to pay leading doctors to（分数：2.00）A.manipul
47、ate medical education sessions.B.improve the individual health-care service.C.have personal contact with physicians.D.help promote the drugs they produce.(2).The phrase “off-label“ (paragraph 2) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.without approval.B.far from a label.C.off-line.D.without a label.(3).Which
48、of the following is true about Pfizer?（分数：2.00）A.Pfizer is a branch of the drug company Parke-Davis.B.Pfizer has failed in its attempt to conceal certain information.C.Pfizer is a part of the Drug Industry Document Archive.D.Pfizer has done nothing illegal since it acquired Parke-Davis.(4).According
49、 to the passage, drug company representatives（分数：2.00）A.have received $ 250 to $ 500 a call.B.have done nothing but listen.C.are supervising the tone of the conferences.D.are trying to meet their expectations.(5).It can be inferred from the passage that the author（分数：2.00）A.sympathizes the “thought leaders“ who are being used.B.believes medical opinions should not be influenced by drug companies.C.criticizes the practices of some drug companies indignantly.D.proposes vigorous legal actions against “thought leaders“.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Britains undeclared general e
