1、考研英语-475 及答案解析(总分：110.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives, rather than about the future. These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories, (1) is their purpose merely to make con
2、versation. The old persons recollections of the past help to (2) an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile: (3) any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide (4) to the future, the individual mentions their (5) as a reminder to listeners, that here was a life (6) living. (7) ,
3、the memories form part of a continuing life (8) , in which the old person (9) the events and experiences of the years gone by and (10) on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.As the life cycle (11) to its close, the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own impen
4、ding death. (12) this task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost a (13) subject in the United States. The mere discussion of death is often regarded as (14) As adults, many of us find the topic frightening and are (15) to think about it and certainly not to talk about it (16) the presen
5、ce of someone who is dying. Death has achieved this taboo (17) only in the modern industrial societies. There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to (18) the idea of death; It is the very fact that death remains (19) our control; it is almost the only one of the natural processes (20)
6、 is so. Notes: reminiscence n. 回忆 fragile adj. 脆弱的。impending adj. 即将发生的。（分数：10.00）A.soB.evenC.norD.hardlyA.preserveB.conserveC.resumeD.assumeA.performingB.playingC.undertakingD.lackingA.orientationB.implicationC.successionD.presentationA.presentB.pastC.experienceD.fateA.worthyB.worthC.worthlessD.wor
7、thwhileA.In a wordB.In briefC.In additionD.In particularA.prospectB.impetusC.impressionD.reviewA.integratesB.incorporatesC.includesD.interactsA.reckonsB.countsC.reflectsD.conceiveA.keepsB.drawsC.inclinesD.tendsA.ThereforeB.AndC.YetD.OtherwiseA.tabooB.disputeC.contemptD.neglectA.notoriousB.indecentC.
8、obscureD.desperateA.readyB.willingC.liableD.reluctantA.atB.onC.withD.inA.statusB.circumstanceC.environmentD.priorityA.encounterB.confrontC.tolerateD.exposeA.underB.aboveC.beyondD.withinA.whichB.whatC.asD.that二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The standardized educational or p
9、sychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attentio
10、n from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool
11、 itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the sk
12、ill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some k
13、inds of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular
14、 situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity, and upon such factors as cost and availability.In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined (for example, ability to do well in a parti
15、cular course of training program) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined (for example, personality or creativity). Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high
16、 potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. For example, they dont compensate for gross social inequality, and thus dont tell how able an underprivileged younger might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. Notes: divert attention f
17、rom 没有注意到。keep careful score 仔细记分。define vt.界定。had he grown up.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the essence of this text?（分数：2.00）A.Attacking standardized tests.B.Dont Blame the test blame the user.C.Standardized tests and their wide applications.D.The standardized test-a useful means of assessment.(2).The sel
18、ection implies that, more often, the value of an educational test rests with（分数：2.00）A.the interpretation of test results.B.the analysis of the students tested.C.the skill and wisdom of the test itself.D.the accuracy of the information provided.(3).The third paragraph is written mainly to state（分数：2
19、.00）A.the functions of educational tests.B.the dimensions of standardized tests.C.the bases for using standardized tests.D.the mixed results of standardized tests.(4).According to the text. which of the following statements is not true?（分数：2.00）A.Predictions do nor always hold true.B.Some students “
20、shine“ unexpectedly.C.The supervisor of the test must be well trained.D.Personality rests often fall short of their purpose.(5).According to the text. the authors attitude toward the value of standardized tests seems to be（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.dubious.C.objective.D.ambiguous.四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)T
21、he standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking th
22、e tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even mislead
23、ing depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of th
24、e information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, ob
25、jective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of info
26、rmation, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the empirical evidence concerning comparative validity, and upon such factors as cost and availability.In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined (for exampl
27、e, ability to do well in a particular course of training program) and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined (for example, personality or creativity). Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes t
28、hey identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. For example, they dont compensate for gross social inequality, and thus dont tell how able an underprivileged younger might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumst
29、ances. Notes: divert attention from 没有注意到。keep careful score 仔细记分。define vt.界定。had he grown up.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the essence of this text?（分数：2.00）A.Attacking standardized tests.B.Dont Blame the test blame the user.C.Standardized tests and their wide applications.D.The standardized test-a useful
30、 means of assessment.(2).The selection implies that, more often, the value of an educational test rests with（分数：2.00）A.the interpretation of test results.B.the analysis of the students tested.C.the skill and wisdom of the test itself.D.the accuracy of the information provided.(3).The third paragraph
31、 is written mainly to state（分数：2.00）A.the functions of educational tests.B.the dimensions of standardized tests.C.the bases for using standardized tests.D.the mixed results of standardized tests.(4).According to the text. which of the following statements is not true?（分数：2.00）A.Predictions do nor al
32、ways hold true.B.Some students “shine“ unexpectedly.C.The supervisor of the test must be well trained.D.Personality rests often fall short of their purpose.(5).According to the text. the authors attitude toward the value of standardized tests seems to be（分数：2.00）A.criticalB.dubious.C.objective.D.amb
33、iguous.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Manners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent. It is nothing for a big, strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he o
34、ught. In fact, it is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman, it is nearly always a Continental man or one from the older generation.This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality,
35、they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesy, and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else. Women have never claimed to be physically as strong as men. Even if it is not agreed, however, that young men should stand up for younger women, the fact rem
36、ains that courtesy should be shown to the old. the sick and the burdened.Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone, we know, but hardship is surely no excuse. Sometimes one wonders what would have been the behavior of these about young men in a packed refugee train or a train on its way
37、to a prisoner-camp during the war. Would they have considered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then?Older people, tired and irritable from a days work, are not angels, either-far from it. Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary q
38、ueues push and shove each other to gel on buses and tubes. One cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel there is just a little more excuse.If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems urgent, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but a
39、lso that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite. Shop assistants wont bother to assist, taxi drivers shout at each other as they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductors pull the bell
40、before their desperate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus. and so on and so on. It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration. Notes: much less 更不用说。Continental man 欧洲大陆上的人。rat race 激烈的竞争。be lost to 全然不顾。 all too 实在太。be hard on
41、sh. 对 太严峻。due n.应该得到的东西。communications In transport 运输工具。wont bother to do sth. 不愿费心去做某事。pull the hell (售票员)拉铃(以便让司机开动车辆)。do ones part 尽某人的责任。（分数：10.00）(1).From what you have read, would you expect manners to improve among people who（分数：2.00）A.are physically strong.B.live in big modern cities.C.are
42、from the older generation.D.live only in metropolitan cities.(2).What is the writers opinion concerning courteous manners toward women?（分数：2.00）A.Men should give up their seats to young women.B.Women neednt be treated differently from men.C.“Lady First“ should be universally practiced.D.Special cons
43、ideration ought to be shown to them.(3).According to the author, communication between human beings would be smoother if（分数：2.00）A.public transport could be improved.B.people were not so tired and irritable.C.women were treated with more courtesy.D.people were considerate toward each other.(4).What
44、is the possible meaning of the word “deterioration“ in the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Spreading of evil conduct.B.Lowering of moral standards.C.Worsening of general situation.D.Declining of physical constitution.(5).In the authors view. the best remedy for coping with the hard conditions in travel in
45、 cities would be to（分数：2.00）A.attach significance to the moral education of young people.B.improve the means of transportation and the public morality.C.treat people, be they young and old, with courtesy and sympathy.D.demand that everyone avoid brisk arguments and insulting quarrels.六、Text 3(总题数：1，
46、分数：10.00)For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements. every kind of historical k
47、nowledge).Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand that is intrinsic and con-substantial to man. What distinguishes
48、man from animals is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldnt be man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary f
49、or man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, man must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is for the most part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematic
