1、考研英语-959 及答案解析(总分：96.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When a disease of epidemic proportions threatens the public, scientists immediately get to work, trying to locate the source of affliction and find ways to combat. Vaccination is one of the effective ways to protect the (1) popul
2、ation of a region or country which may be (2) grave risk. The process of vaccination allows the patients body to (3) immunity to the virus or disease so that, if it is encountered, one can fight it (4) naturally. To accomplish this, a small weak or dead (5) of the disease is actually injected into t
3、he patient in a controlled environment, (6) his bodys immune system can learn to fight the invader (7) . Information (8) how to penetrate the diseases defenses is (9) to all elements of the patients immune system in a process that occurs naturally, in which genetic information is passed from cell to
4、 cell. This makes sure that (10) the patient later come into contact with the real problem, his body is well equipped and trained to (11) with it, having already done so before.There are, however, dangers (12) in the process. (13) , even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine p
5、roves (14) much for the body to handle, resulting in the immune system (15) , and, therefore, the patients death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine, (16) to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly (17) the whole Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. (18) 1 in
6、10,000 people who receive the vaccine (19) the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Consequently, the process, which is truly a (20) , may indeed hide some hidden curses.（分数：10.00）(1).A. entire B. total C. complete D. complex（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. in B. at C. under D. beyond（分
7、数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. eliminate B. identify C. develop D. deliver（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. up B. against C. with D. off（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. strain B. spell C. series D. fit（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. only if B. so that C. in case D. seeing that（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. radically B. directly C. properly D
8、. presumably（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. for B. of C. to D. on（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. transmitted B. transferred C. transported D. transformed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. would B. should C. if only D. even if（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. handle B. familiarize C. deal D. tackle（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. available B.
9、 plausible C. accessible D. inherent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. On occasion B. By contrast C. In addition D. On the contrary（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. so B. too C. rather D. quite（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. hurting B. hindering C. deteriorating D. endangering（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. invented B. discovered C
10、. investigated D. designed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. wiped out B. ruled out C. break down D. died out（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. Fortunately B. Approximately C. Naturally D. Specifically（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. infects B. affects C. effects D. contracts（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. luck B. triumph C. blessing
11、 D. promise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Yasuhisa Shizoki, a 51-year old MP from Japans ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), starts tapping his finger on the dismal economic chart on his coffee table. “Unless we change the decisio
12、n-making process,“ he says bluntly, “we are not going to be able to solve this kind of problem.“ With the economy in such a mess, it may seem a bit of a diversion to be trying to sort out Japans political structures as well as its economic problems.Since co-writing a report on political reform, whic
13、h was released by an LDP panel last week, Mr Shiozaki has further upset the partys old guard. Its legionaries, flanked by columns of the bureaucracy, continue to hamper most attempts to overhaul the economy. Junichiro Koizumi was supposed to change all that, by going over their heads and appealing d
14、irectly to the public. Yet nearly a year after becoming prime minister, Mr Koizumi has precious little to show for his efforts. His popularity is now flagging and his determination is increasingly in doubt.As hopes of immediate economic reform fade, optimists are focusing on another potential benefi
15、t of Mr Koizumis tenure. They hope that his highly personalized style of leadership will pave the way for a permanent change in Japanese politics: towards more united and authoritative cabinets that are held directly accountable for their policies. As that hap pens, the thinking goes, real economic
16、reforms will be able to follow. Unfortunately, damage limitation in the face of scandal too often substitutes for real reform. More often, the scandals serve merely as distractions. What is really needed is an overhaul of the rules themselves.A leading candidate for change is the 40-year-old system-
17、informal but religiously followed-through which the LDP machinery vets every bill before it ever gets to parliament. Most legislation starts in the LDPs party committees, which mirror the parliamentary committee structure. Proposals then go through two higher LDP bodies, which hammer out political d
18、eals to smooth their passage. Only then does the prime ministers cabinet get fully involved in approving the policy. Most issues have been decided by the LDP mandarins long before they reach this point, let alone the floor of parliament, leaving even the prime minister limited influence, and allowin
19、g precious little room for public debate and even less for accountability.As a result, progress will probably remain slow. Since they know that political reform leads to economic reform, and hence poses a threat to their interests, most of the LDP will resist any real changes. But at least a handful
20、 of insiders have now bought into one of Mr Koizumis best slogans: “Change the LDP, change Japan./（分数：6.00）(1).The diversion Yasuhisa Shizoki enjoys is mentioned in the text toA. to introduce the topic of economic reforms.B. to honor his unique service to the LDP.C. to highlight his ability to solve
21、 problems.D. to show how he sort out his slogans.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(2).The expression “the LDP mandarins“ (Paragraph 4) most probably meansA. cabinets who are held liable for their policies.B. those who work in LDPs party committees.C. candidates for two higher LDP bodies.D. those who are strong in f
22、avor of reforms.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(3).The basic problem of Japanese economy as pointed out by the writer lies inA. its prime ministers negligence.B. the inefficiency of its parliament.C. its defective political structures.D. the resistance to any changes.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(4).In the eyes of the author
23、, an economic reform in JapanA. should precede a political reform.B. cannot do without Koizumis popularity.C. should follow an overhaul of the rules.D. is a now boom on the horizon.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(5).It seems that the write is very critical ofA. LPD bodies accountability.B. the prime minister.C. a
24、dvocates of economic reforms.D. the LDP machinery.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researc
25、hers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr. Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper by a German researcher called Carl
26、 Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birds flying in formationa V-shape, echelon or otherwiseexpend less energy. The air flowing over a birds wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy p
27、ropelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo and his
28、 team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to rendezvous over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally swap places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the
29、 aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (with a concomitant reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are, of course, kinks to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of i
30、t. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in convoy? Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft could he separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the unnervingly easy groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see th
31、e other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organization has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remai
32、ns to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr. Kmo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also he hard
33、 for airlines to coordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.As it happens, Americans armed forces are on the ease alr
34、eady. Earlier this year the countrys Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War,
35、 hut Dr. Lissaman says they are apocryphal. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,“ he adds. So he should know.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first two paragraphs, we can learn that _.A. energy cost reduced in a formation of V-shape and echelon or otherwiseB.
36、25 birds might enjoy 71% less energy consumingC. a naturalistic airline works well than clever designs and lightweight compositesD. Kroo and his group are opposites who think that buying new aircraft is wasteful（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following can support “the principles are not substanti
37、ally different“ ?A. Three passengers were in the most favourable positions during the experiment.B. 15% less fuel reduction in carbon-dioxide output and nitrogen-oxide emissions during flying.C. Kroo and his team conducted their experiments in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Las Vegas, Utah and London.D
38、. Air crafts can occasionally swap places to turn in the most favourable positions as well as birds.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following best defines the word “kinks“ ( Line 1, Paragraph 4) ?A. Safety perception. B. Display teams.C. Operational guidelines. D. Separation distances.（分数：2.00）A.B
39、.C.D.(4).According to the text, what is beyond human ability now is to _.A. remain to see weather conditions effectsB. investigate further in areas of increased turbulenceC. reschedule cargo aircrafts and military flightsD. coordinate the passenger aircraft（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the statement
40、 is true?A. The programme of paying Boeing to investigate formation flight is still not undertaken.B. Lissaman knows the plans of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.C. Lissaman revealed that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the World War .D. Lissaman
41、is working at Cahech and the University of Southern California.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair pay to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realiti
42、es. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debat
43、ed the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Todays families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once has in times of financial setback- a back-up earner (u
44、sually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect“ could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer
45、be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest
46、 rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on inve
47、stment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new
48、 dose of investment risk for families future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent- and all he attendant need for physical and financial assistance - have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class fa
49、mily perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.（分数：10.00）(1).Todays double-income families are at greater financial risk in that _.A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappearedB. their chances of being laid off have greatly increasedC. they are
