1、考研英语 118及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his f
2、amily -|_|- he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may also
3、 need money to construct irrigation -|_|- and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this ki
4、nd are not -|_|- obtainable. If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain -|_|- consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family -|_|- he produces a surplus. He
5、must use this surplus in three ways: as seed sowing, as an insurance -|_|- the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to -|_|- old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to -|_|- the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation -|
6、 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be -|_|- . He must either sell some of his property or -|_|- extra funds in the m of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low -|_|- of interest, but loans of this kind are not -|_|- obtainable.（分数：1.00）A
7、other thanB.as well asC.instead ofD.more than二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.*（
8、分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital“ and “labour“ were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modem lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the
9、technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, toward
10、s collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the
11、taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth
12、 detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enr
13、iched by the worlds movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable“ classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholde
14、rs meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding“ meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. The “shareholders“ as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen
15、employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the
16、 employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions,
17、at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each others strength and understand the value of fair negotiation. （分数：1.00）(1). Its true of th
18、e old family firms that_.（分数：0.25）A.they were spoiled by the younger generationsB.they failed for lack of individual initiativeC.they lacked efficiency compared with modem companiesD.they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers(2).The growth of limited liability companies resulted in_.（分数：0.
19、25）A.the separation of capital from managementB.the ownership of capital by managersC.the emergence of capital and labour as two classesD.the participation of shareholders in municipal business(3).According to the passage ,all of the following are true EXCEPT that_.（分数：0.25）A.the shareholders were u
20、naware of the needs of the workersB.the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workersC.the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothlyD.the trade unions seemed to play a positive role(4). The author is most critical of_.（分数：0.25）A.family firm ownersB.landownersC.managers
21、D.shareholdersWhen a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poe
22、try, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be-even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right-it can hardly be classed as Literature. This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding
23、up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret moder
24、n stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them ;we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen word
25、s at will. Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river-and then to find that the line consists o
26、f the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.“ This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: t
27、hat a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed? （分数：1.00）(1).This passage is mainly_.（分数：0.25）A.a survey of new approaches to artB.a review of Futurist poetryC.about merits of the Futurist movementD.about laws
28、 and requirements of literature(2).When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to_.（分数：0.25）A.determine its purposesB.ignore its flawsC.follow the new fashionsD.accept the principles(3).Futurists claim that we must_.（分数：0.25）A.increase the production of literatureB.use poetry to relieve mo
29、dern stressC.develop new modes of expressionD.avoid using adjectives and verbs(4).The author believes that Futurist poetry is_.（分数：0.25）A.based on reasonable principlesB.new and acceptable to ordinary peopleC.indicative of a basic change in human natureD.more of a transient phenomenon than literatur
30、eFor three decades weve heard endlessly about the virtues of aerobic (increasing oxygen consumption) exercise. Medical authorities have praised running and jumping as the key to good health, and millions of Americans have taken to the treadmill(踏车) to reap the rewards. But the story is changing. Eve
31、ryone from the American Heart Association to the surgeon generals office has recently embraced strength training as a complement to aerobics. And as weight lifting has gone mainstream, so has the once obscure practice known as “Super Slow“ training. Enthusiasts claim that by pumping iron at a snails
32、 pace-making each “rep“(repeat) last 14 seconds instead of the usual seven-you can safely place extraordinary demands on your muscles, and call forth an extraordinary response. Slow lifting may not be the only exercise you need, as some advocates believe, but the benefits are often dramatic. Almost
33、anyone can handle this routine. The only requirements are complete focus and a tolerance for deep muscular burn. Fox each exercise-leg press, bench press, shoulder press and so on-you set the machine to provide only moderate resistance. But as you draw out each rep, depriving yourself of impetus, th
34、e weight soon feels unbearable. Defying the impulse to stop, you keep going until you cant complete a rep. Then you sustain your vain effort for 10 more seconds while the weight sinks gradually toward its cradle. Intense? Uncomfortable? Totally. But once you embrace muscle failure as the goal of the
35、 workout, it can become almost pleasure. The goal is not to burn calories while youre exercising but to make your body burn them all the time. Running a few miles many make you sweat, but it expends only 100 calories per mile, and it doesnt stimulate much bone or muscle development. Strength trainin
36、g doesnt burn many calories, either. But when you push a muscle to failure, you set off a pour of physiological changes. As the muscle recovers over several days, it will thicken-and the new muscle tissue will demand sustenance. By the time you add three pounds of muscle, your body requires an extra
37、 9,000 calories a month just to break even. Hold your diet steady and, very quickly, you are vaporizing body fat. One might have benefited from any strength-training program. But advocates insist the slow technique is safer and more effective than traditional methods. （分数：1.00）(1).Many Americans hav
38、e taken to treadmill for years by virtue of（分数：0.20）A.Many Americans have taken to treadmill for years by virtue ofB.its greater consumption of oxygen.C.the compliment paid by authorities.D.the actual benefits from the exercise.(2).According to the author,“ Super Slow“ training（分数：0.20）A.has been mi
39、sunderstood for decades.B.has been widely accepted recentlyC.has been the basis of weight lifting.D.has become the nucleus of aerobics.(3).The phrase “to break even“ ( Line 7, Par. 3 ) most probably means（分数：0.20）A.to upset physical energy balance.B.to disturb the calmness of the body.C.to gain a gr
40、eater profit than a lossD.to make neither a profit nor a loss.(4).In practicing slow lifting, one has to（分数：0.20）A.complete each rep with great demands for his muscles.B.bear the unendurable reaction caused by the training.C.suffer the bitter effect called forth by the exercise.D.exert unusual press
41、ure on his legs and shoulders.(5). Slow weight lifters are required to make each rep（分数：0.20）A.without using any driving force.B.without movement of their bodyC.with unbearable iron weights.D.with the feeling of muscle failure.Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the
42、publishers pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology and biology have provided a cons
43、istent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific“ creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time“ in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonf
44、undamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific“ creationism as bad science and bad religion. The first four chapters of Kitcher s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the la
45、st three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is re
46、ligious, one might have expected more Christian behavior. Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the charity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The fi
47、nal chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says:“ This book stands for reason itself.“ And so it doesand all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. （分数：1.00）(1).“Creationism“ in the p
48、assage refers to_.（分数：0.25）A.evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universeB.a notion of the creation of religionC.the scientific explanation of the earth formationD.the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe(2).Kitcherss book is intended to_.（分数：0.25）A.recommend the views of
