1、考研英语 139及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)At every stage of development, clothes can help establish a persons identity for himself and for those with whom he interacts. The childhood game of “dressing up“ in parents 1 provides the opportunity for the child to 2 the roles he
2、will be 3 to play in adult life. The degree 4 which a person chooses clothes that 5 the roles will affect his performance in those roles. Clothes are an important factor in developing 6 of self-confidence and self-respect, 7 when you look good, you feel good. For most people, clothes are often a sou
3、rce of 8 reaction from others, since in our culture we are more 9 to compliment a person on his 10 than on other 11 of the “self“ Most Americans also 12 that a proper appearance and proper dress are the keys 13 association with the right crowd, which 14 opens the doors to job advancement, increased
4、income, and greater prestige. Our clothing needs are 15 by a multitude of circumstances, because buying motives are 16 simple. The first step in the decision-making process is to make a 17 ordering of the things that are important to us. If a person recognizes and 18 the priorities of his values e.
5、g. , that his status and prestige may be more important than his physical comforthis 19 of clothing is not only simplified, but more likely to 20 him greater satisfaction. （分数：1.00）(1).At every stage of development, clothes can help establish a persons identity for himself and for those with whom he
6、 interacts. The childhood game of “dressing up“ in parents 1 provides the opportunity for the child to 2 the roles he will be 3 to play in adult life. The degree 4 which a person chooses clothes that 5 the roles will affect his performance in those roles. Clothes are an important factor in developin
7、g 6 of self-confidence and self-respect, 7 when you look good, you feel good. For most people, clothes are often a source of 8 reaction from others, since in our culture we are more 9 to compliment a person on his 10 than on other 11 of the “self“ Most Americans also 12 that a proper appearance and
8、proper dress are the keys 13 association with the right crowd, which 14 opens the doors to job advancement, increased income, and greater prestige. Our clothing needs are 15 by a multitude of circumstances, because buying motives are 16 simple. The first step in the decision-making process is to mak
9、e a 17 ordering of the things that are important to us. If a person recognizes and 18 the priorities of his values e. g. , that his status and prestige may be more important than his physical comforthis 19 of clothing is not only simplified, but more likely to 20 him greater satisfaction. （分数：0.05）A
10、.skirtsB.fashionsC.patternsD.clothesA.practiceB.attemptC.performD.rehearseA.meetB.hitC.fitD.playA.feelingsB.motivesC.passionsD.moodsA.thereofB.howeverC.untilD.sinceA.negativeB.positiveC.criticalD.directA.ableB.easyC.aptD.fairA.appearanceB.behaviorC.mannersD.flavorsA.thingsB.aspectsC.partsD.pointsA.c
11、onfirmB.assumeC.disputeD.recognizeA.forB.ofC.toD.inA.in turnB.in effectC.in stepD.in resultA.engagedB.compelledC.expectedD.promptedA.orientedB.influencedC.designedD.formattedA.fairlyB.ratherC.quiteD.seldomA.consciousB.ambitiousC.conspicuousD.generousA.adaptsB.ascendsC.assuresD.acceptsA.senseB.tasteC
12、.choiceD.attitudeA.createB.bringC.forgeD.pledgeA.byB.toC.inD.with二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its meaning,and 3) state your plan to do so. You should write about 160 -200 words nea
13、tly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) interpret its meaning,and 3) state your plan to do so. You should write about 160 -200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) *（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(
14、总题数：4，分数：4.00)Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive, alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a lett
15、er in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi finn called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spr
16、ead between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush s predecessors ( including his father) ha
17、d surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The worlds three top central bankers (Greenspan, D
18、uisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabeti
19、cally disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short -sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions
20、posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university
21、graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach file Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients
22、lose interest as they plough through them. （分数：1.00）(1). What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?（分数：0.20）A.A kind of overlooked inequality.B.A type of conspicuous bias.C.A type of personal prejudice.D.A kind of brand discrimination.(2).What can we infer from the fir
23、st three paragraphs?（分数：0.20）A.In both East and West, names are essential to success.B.The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo? Zysman.C.Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies names.D.Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.(3).The 4th paragraph suggests that（分数：0.
24、20）A.questions are often put to the more intelligent students.B.alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class.C.teachers should pay attention to all of their students.D.students should be seated according to their eyesight.(4).What does the author mean by “most people are literally h
25、aving a ZZZ“ ( Line 2, Paragraph 5 ) .?（分数：0.20）A.They are getting impatient.B.They are noisily dozing off.C.They are feeling humiliated.D.They are busy with word puzzles.(5).Which of the following is true according to the text?（分数：0.20）A.People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-trea
26、ted.B.VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.C.The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.D.Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.In spite of rising concern in the Northeast and Canada, Administration spokesmen have repeatedly insist
27、ed that nothing could really be done about acid rain and the industry-produced sulfur emissions until all the scientific facts were in. Suddenly last week, however, facts came raining down, in effect making further scientific debate on what mainly causes the problem all but irrelevant. What brought
28、about the downpour was a study commissioned by Presidential Science Adviser. The spokesmen plainly called for remedial action even if some technical questions about acid rain were still unanswered. “If we take the conservative point of view that we must wait until the scientific knowledge is definit
29、ive,“ said the spokesman, “the accumulated deposition and damaged environment may reach the point of irreversibility.“ When it rains, it pours. Next came a study from the National Research Council. Its definitive conclusion: reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide from coal-burning power plants and fac
30、tories, such as these in the Midwest, would in fact significantly reduce the acidity in rain, snow and other precipitation(降水) that is widely believed to be worsening the life from fresh-water lakes and forests in the Northeast and Canada. The spokesman did not recommend any specific action. A pair
31、of remedial measures are already taken before Congress. A Senate committee recently approved a bill that would require reduction over the next decade of sulfur-dioxide emissions by 10 million tons in the States bordering on the east of the Mississippi. A tougher measure was introduced in the House o
32、rdering the 50 largest sulfur polluters in the U. S. to cut emissions substantially. To ease the Eastern coal mining industry, which fears a switch to low-sulfur Western coal, the bill requires the installation of expensive “scrubbers“, devices for removing sulfur from the smoke, rather than an orde
33、r that forbids high-sulfur fuel. Still, the legislation is being vigorously opposed by the coal industry and utilities, especially in the Mid-west, where heavy industries are battling to survive. In a survey also released last week, the Edison Electric Institute , an industry group, gravely predicte
34、d that electricity rates could rise as much as 50% if the emission-control legislation passed. Government studies dispute these figures, but Congress has been suspended on acid-rain measures. Now, as a result of the academy study, supporters of the bills are more optimistic. Nevertheless, a major po
35、litical battle is shaping up. （分数：1.00）(1).The first paragraph shows that（分数：0.20）A.the Administration has ignored the public anxiety about acid rain.B.the industrial sulfur emissions need further scientific verificationC.the spokesmen have denied the presence of proofs of acid rain.D.scientific evi
36、dence has made the cause of acid rain undebatable.(2). The word “downpour“ in the second paragraph most likely refers to（分数：0.20）A.a heavy fall of acid rain.B.a sudden thunderstorm.C.a series of criticism.D.a succession of evidence.(3).This article most probably appeared in（分数：0.20）A.a government do
37、cument.B.a news magazine.C.a scientific research paper.D.a textbook of environmental science.(4). The two studies mentioned in the text clearly stated that（分数：0.20）A.there is no time to lose in pollution control.B.the scientific explanation of acid rain remains unclear.C.environmental restoration de
38、fies scientific endeavors.D.factories should be banned from burning coal.(5).From the description of the efforts in the House, we can see that（分数：0.20）A.the members of the House really speak for the general public.B.the Congressmen are tough to the sulfur polluters in the U. S.C.the statesmen try to
39、 please the public without enraging the bosses.D.the politicians worry about the effect of emission-control legislation.In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads a
40、ccounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for su
41、bstantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroad
42、s therefore have them by the throat. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“ captive“ shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who f
43、eel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government s Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds tha
44、t in the long run it reduces everyones cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It s a theory
45、to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. “Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?“ asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer wh
46、o frequently represents shippers. Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging tra
47、ffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail s net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying cos
48、ts of the transaction. Who s going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market. （分数：1.00）(1) According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because（分数：0.20）A.cost reduction is based on
49、 competition.B.services call for cross-trade coordination.C.outside competitors will continue to exist.D.shippers will have the railway by the throat.(2). What is many captive shippers attitude towards the consolidation in the rail industry?（分数：0.20）A.Indifferent.B.Supportive.C.Indignant.D.Apprehensive.(3). It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that（分数：0.20）A.shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.B.there will soon be only one rail
