1、考研英语 144及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious -|_|-to how they can best -|_|-such changes. Growing bodies need movement and -|_|-, but
2、not just in ways that emphasize competition. -|_|- they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the -|_|- that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are -|_|- by ot
3、hers. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be -|_|- to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, -|_|- , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, -|_|- student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion
4、clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide -|_|- opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful -|_|- dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the -|_|- of some kind of organization with a supportive adult -|_|- visible in the bac
5、kground. In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have -|_|- attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized -|_|- participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to -|_|- else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants
6、-|_|- . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. -|_|- , they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by -|_|- for roles that are within their -|_|- and their attention spans and by having clearly stated roles. Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and
7、 physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious -|_|-to how they can best -|_|-such changes. Growing bodies need movement and -|_|-, but not just in ways that emphasize competition. -|_|- they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual a
8、nd emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the -|_|- that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are -|_|- by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be -|_|- to plan activitie
9、s in which there are more winners than losers, -|_|- , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, -|_|- student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide -|_|- opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful -|_|- dyna
10、mics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the -|_|- of some kind of organization with a supportive adult -|_|- visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have -|_|- attention spans. A variety of activities s
11、hould be organized -|_|- participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to -|_|- else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants -|_|- . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. -|_|- , they can help students acquire a sense of commitmen
12、t by -|_|- for roles that are within their -|_|- and their attention spans and by having clearly stated roles. （分数：1.00）A.thoughtB.ideaC.opinionD.advice二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2. 1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) support your view with examples. You should write ab
13、out 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)1 ) describe the drawing, 2 ) interpret its meaning, and 3 ) support your view with examples. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)As Americas air becomes steadily more con
14、taminated, activities across the nation to cope with smog appear to be lagging further and further behind actual needs despite a rising public clamor for improvement. There has been a considerable progress in the last couple of years. But the over-all picture is that so many localities havent really
15、 come to grips with the air pollution problem that people might be dismayed if they knew how their welfare was being trifled with. Air pollution sources are now hurling more than 140 million tons of contaminants into the atmosphere every year, by Federal estimates. Two years ago it was only 130 mill
16、ion tons. The increase has been caused by many things-more people, more automobiles, more industry, more space heating, little if any reduction that more often than not are inadequate. The adverse health effects of air pollution are becoming more widely recognized, although specific medical evidence
17、 is still fragmentary. As a psychological annoyance, often called an “esthetic“ factor, it translates into decreased property values. In damage to crops and other plants, its cost is reckoned in millions of dollars; in damage to structures and materials, in billions. Federal and state pollution cont
18、rol officials report the following highlight of the current situation. States and localities generally still have penalties for air pollution that are little more than a wrist slap (with fines as low as 10). Enforcement is generally sketchy and weak. And the remedial procedures are so cumbersome tha
19、t more and more they are being bypassed by simple lawsuits brought by public officials or citizens. Although Federal law has required auto makers to provide vehicles with fume control equipment, few states have done anything to assure its effectiveness, after a car has left the factory, by providing
20、 for regular inspection of the equipment. Public officials in many places still seem to consider bursts of complaints from citizens preferable to complaints they might get from instituting effective air quality programs. Industries and other polluters, such as municipalities, still exert great influ
21、ence, opposing or weakening regulatory laws and “packing“ regulatory boards with their own spokesmen. Public resentment over air pollution is growing, as is shown by recurring incidents of picketing (设置纠察员) and increasing number of legal actions. The big Federal program to combat air pollution, unde
22、r way for several years, is proceeding fairly close to schedule. But Federal auto-fume regulations will not be very productive for nearly a decade until around 100 million unregulated, older-generation cars have been replaced on the highways. The part of the Federal effort that deals with stationary
23、 pollution sources, like factories, is still largely in an organizational phase, yielding little immediate reduction in fumes. （分数：1.00）(1).The general situation of air pollution has worsened partly because（分数：0.20）A.many local authorities havent grasped the essence of pollution.B.a lot of people ha
24、vent started to deal seriously with the problem.C.a number of places havent located the sources of contamination.D.few health organizations have realized its disastrous consequences.(2). The word “hurling“ in Par. 3 may be best replaced by（分数：0.20）A.generating.B.dumping.C.releasing.D.discharging.(3)
25、. Peoples indignation aroused by air pollution is reflected in（分数：0.20）A.repeated demonstrations against steady contamination.B.serial strikes against official neglect of the problem.C.more and more lawsuits against polluters by the public.D.renewing of old cars for immediate reduction in auto-fumes
26、.(4).An example of the “esthetic“ factor associated with air pollution would be（分数：0.20）A.a thick mist hiding what would be a fine skyline.B.the destruction of a flower garden by polluted water.C.a layer of dirt accumulated on a buildings windows.D.the poor visibility hindering the smooth traffic fl
27、ow.(5).Public complaints go unattended owing to the（分数：0.20）A.poor representation of common people in Congress.B.politicians yielding to forceful corporate influence.C.preferable establishment of pollution regulatory laws.D.blockade of regulatory boards by polluter spokesmen.The phrase “progressive
28、education“ is one, if not of protest, at least of contrast, of contrast with an education which was predominantly static in subject-matter, authoritarian in methods, and mainly passive and receptive from the side of the young. But the philosophy of education must go beyond any idea of education that
29、 is formed by way of contrast, reaction and protest. For it is an attempt to discover what education is and how it takes place. Only when we identify education with schooling does it seem to be a simple thing to tell what education actually is, and yet a clear idea of what it is gives us our only cr
30、iterion for judging and directing what goes on in schools. It is sometimes supposed that it is the business of the philosophy of education to tell what education should be. But the only way of deciding what education should be, at least, the only way which does not lead us into the clouds, is discov
31、ery of what actually takes place when education really occurs. And before we can formulate a philosophy of education we must know how human nature is constituted in the concrete; we must know about the working of actual social forces; we must know about the operations through which basic raw materia
32、ls are modified into something of greater value. The need for a philosophy of education is thus fundamentally the need for finding out what education really is. We have to take those cases in which we find there is a real development of desirable powers, and then find out how this development took p
33、lace. Then we can project what has taken place in these instances as a guide for directing our other efforts. The need for this discovery and this projection is the need for a philosophy of education. What then is education when we find actual satisfactory specimens of it in existence? In the first
34、place, it is a process of development, of growth. And it is the process and not merely the result that is important. A truly healthy person is not something fixed and completed. He is a person whose processes and activities go on in such a way that he will continue to be healthy. Similarly, an educa
35、ted person is the person who has the power to go on and get more education. In any case, development, growth, involve change, modification, and modification in definite directions. It is quite possible for a teacher, under the supposed sanction of the idea of cultivating individuality, to fixate a p
36、upil more or less at his existing level. Respect for individuality is primarily intellectual. It signifies studying the individual to see what is there to work with. Having this sympathetic understanding, the practical work then begins, for the practical work is one of modification, of changing, of
37、reconstruction continued without end. The change must at least be towards more effective techniques, towards greater self-reliance, towards a more thoughtful and inquiring disposition, one more capable of persistent effort in meeting obstacles. （分数：1.00）(1).In the authors view, the philosophy of edu
38、cation（分数：0.20）A.is identical to the conception of progressive education.B.studies the essence of education and the way it emerges.C.conforms to any idea of education that is unconventional.D.deals with the judgement and direction of schooling.(2). The philosophy of education is supposed（分数：0.20）A.t
39、o result from real understanding of actual schooling.B.to lead to overall prescription of practical education.C.to have happened when education came into existence.D.to be the basis on which practical education is formulated.(3). The author argues that respect for individuality means（分数：0.20）A.to tr
40、eat individuals as objects of sincere sympathy.B.to train individuals to develop in planned directions.C.to discover an individuals qualifications for education.D.to cultivate an individual in light of his/her natural talent.(4).The chief task of the philosophy of education is（分数：0.20）A.to analyse t
41、he constitution of human nature in great detail.B.to clarify the practical effects of social forces on education.C.to explore how to convert raw materials into valuable goods.D.to find out ways to bring out the best human faculties.(5).The significance of desirable education lies（分数：0.20）A.more in i
42、ts operation than in its alteration.B.less in its modification than in its operation.C.not only in its result but also in its process.D.rather in its procedure than in its outcome.Science-fiction movies can serve as myths about the future and thus give some assurance about it. Whether the film is 20
43、01 or Star Wars, such movies tell about progress that will expand mans powers and his experiences beyond anything now believed possible, while they assure us that all these advances will not wipe out man or life as we now know it. Thus one great anxiety about the future-that it will have no place fo
44、r us as we now are-is alleviated by such myths. They also promise that even in the most distant future, and despite the progress that will have occurred in the material world, mans basic concerns will be the same, and the struggle of good against evil-the central moral problem of our time-will not h
45、ave lost its importance. Past and future are the lasting dimensions of our lives: the present is but a brief moment. So these visions about the future also contain our past; in Star Wars, battles are fought around issues that also motivated man in the past. Thus, any vision about the future is reall
46、y based on visions of the past, because that is all we can know for certain. As our religious myths about the future never went beyond Judgment Day, so our modern myths about the future cannot go beyond the search for lifes deeper meaning. The reason is that only as long as the choice between good a
47、nd evil remains mans supreme moral problem does life retain that special dignity that derives from our ability to choose between the two. A world in which this conflict has been permanently resolved eliminates man as we know him. It might be a universe peopled by angels, but it has no place for man. The moving picture is a visual art, based on sight. Speaking to our vision, it ought to provide us with the visions enabling us to live the goo
