1、考研英语 146及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)In economics the value added by a manufacturing firm to its products is the difference between the price of a finished product and the cost of raw materials, parts supplies, fuel, and electrical energy used in the production of that
2、product. When 1 in this manner, the value added by manufacture is a useful index of the manufacturing firms 2 to the national economy. It is a more 3 index, of course, than 4 sales, a figure that is misleading because it tells 5 about production costs and 6 the manufacturing firm is 7 at a profit or
3、 at a loss. In education there is now a spirited 8 as to whether such a concept would not be most 9 for college graduates is evidently 10 in the salaries they can command 11 receipt of a college degree. Engineers, accountants, and computer specialists command 12 salaries upon graduation and by impli
4、cation, there must be an 13 value added to their marketability 14 the education and training they 15 in college. When looked at more closely, 16 ,the missing factor is 17 the difference between learner capabilities 18 to their educational experiences and graduate capabilities after 19 a college degr
5、ee. In brief, how much does the student 20 from the instruction he or she has received? （分数：1.00）(1). In economics the value added by a manufacturing firm to its products is the difference between the price of a finished product and the cost of raw materials, parts supplies, fuel, and electrical ene
6、rgy used in the production of that product. When 1 in this manner, the value added by manufacture is a useful index of the manufacturing firms 2 to the national economy. It is a more 3 index, of course, than 4 sales, a figure that is misleading because it tells 5 about production costs and 6 the man
7、ufacturing firm is 7 at a profit or at a loss. In education there is now a spirited 8 as to whether such a concept would not be most 9 for college graduates is evidently 10 in the salaries they can command 11 receipt of a college degree. Engineers, accountants, and computer specialists command 12 sa
8、laries upon graduation and by implication, there must be an 13 value added to their marketability 14 the education and training they 15 in college. When looked at more closely, 16 ,the missing factor is 17 the difference between learner capabilities 18 to their educational experiences and graduate c
9、apabilities after 19 a college degree. In brief, how much does the student 20 from the instruction he or she has received? （分数：0.05）A.concludedB.computedC.conductedD.countedA.creationB.distributionC.contributionD.donationA.somethingB.anythingC.everythingD.nothingA.thatB.whyC.whetherD.becauseA.operat
10、ingB.managingC.executingD.maintainingA.argumentB.debateC.quarrelD.disturbanceA.delightfulB.distinctiveC.appropriateD.acceptableA.reflectedB.embodiedC.embracedD.indicatedA.overB.uponC.aboutD.beforeA.plentifulB.extensiveC.abundantD.impressiveA.appreciableB.applicableC.essentialD.inherentA.inB.fromC.wi
11、thD.byA.realisticB.specificC.elasticD.economicA.persuedB.awardedC.receivedD.enjoyedA.thereforeB.howeverC.moreoverD.thereafterA.curiouslyB.graciouslyC.dubiouslyD.obviouslyA.superiorB.interiorC.priorD.inferiorA.earningB.grantingC.conferringD.offeringA.attainB.benefitC.rewardD.favorA.retailB.readyC.net
12、D.gross二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1.Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Write an essay of 160 - 200
13、 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize t
14、hat as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think.
15、 Not that it is solely, or chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental quality which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinke
16、rs in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. While any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox(非正统的) thinking was for a time suspended. Where
17、there is an unspoken convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never
18、 when prolonged arguments avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to rouse enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of thinking beings. He who knows only his own s
19、ide of the case knows little of that. His reasons may be good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side, and if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position
20、 for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that, he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of opponents from his own teachers ,pres
21、ented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmos
22、t for them. He must know them in their seemingly reasonable and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; otherwise he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that diff
23、iculty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition, and even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know. They have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who thi
24、nk differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say. （分数：1.00）(1).The fundamental criterion for a great thinker consists in his（分数：0.20）A.sound argument and judgement on prime events.B.keen insights into the major issues of his time.C.devotion to independent thinking and reason
25、ing.D.remarkable intellectual faculties for seeking truth.(2). According to the author, it is always advisable to（分数：0.20）A.have opinions acceptable to either side in an argument.B.adopt the point of view one feels most inclinable to.C.get aware of with the arguments incompatible with ones ownD.anal
26、yse and refute heterodox thought presented by opponents.(3). The thinking of a nation can be excited only when（分数：0.20）A.even persons are promoted to thinking beings.B.big and vital issues are freely and widely discussed.C.great thinkers have emerged from the ordinary intellects.D.people become enth
27、usiastic about thinking independently.(4).The author is of the opinion that in a great period we may expect to find（分数：0.20）A.acceptance of ultimate truths.B.enthusiasm for prolonged arguments.C.debates about heterodox thinking.D.arguments over important principles.(5).According to the text ,which o
28、f the following statements is true?（分数：0.20）A.Most eloquent arguers fail to escape one-sidedness.B.Heterodox principles will lead to fatal errors in thinking.C.Most educated debaters have overall knowledge of the subject.D.The generality of people take a neutral position in debates.An invisible bord
29、er divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction-indeed, contradiction-which goes to th
30、e heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education. Justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyones j
31、ob prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather,we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was n
32、ot always the case, before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone
33、is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the jo
34、b prospects of graduates over their educational achievement. There are some good arguments for a technical education given the fight kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions
35、 they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy i
36、s spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations. But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well- developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course,the basics of usin
37、g any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, and entirely different story. Basic computer skills take-at the very longest-a couple of months to learn. In any
38、case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skillsthat are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose. （分数：1.00）(1).The author thinks the present rush to put
39、 computers in the classroom is_.（分数：0.25）A.far-reachingB.dubiously orientedC.serf-contradictoryD.radically reformatory(2).The belief that education is indispensable to all children _.（分数：0.25）A.is indicative of a pessimism in disguiseB.came into being along with the arrival of computersC.is deeply r
40、ooted in the minds of computer-education advocatesD.originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries(3).It could be inferred from the passage that in the authors country the European model of professional training is_.（分数：0.25）A.dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB.worth
41、 trying in various social sectionsC.of little practical valueD.attractive to every kind of professional(4).According to the author, basic computer skills should be_.（分数：0.25）A.included as an auxiliary course in schoolB.highlighted in acquisition of professional qualificationsC.mastered through a lif
42、e-long courseD.equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseOver the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive, alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to dis
43、crimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi finn called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in
44、 life over Zo? Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 2
45、6 of George Bush s predecessors ( including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Ko
46、izumi). The worlds three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory
47、, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short -sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in
48、the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in sp
49、eaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach file Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. （分数：1.00）(1). What does the au
