1、考研英语 154 及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They -|_|- th in the long run industrializion grely raised the standard of living for the -|_|- man. But they insisted th its -|_|- results during th
2、e period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the -|_|- of the English populion. -|_|- contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a -|_|- agricultural country, a period of gre abundance and prosperity. This view, -|_|- , is general
3、ly thought to be wrong. Specialists -|_|- history and economics, have -|_|- two things: th the period from 1650 to 1750 was -|_|- by gre poverty, and th industrializion certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. Until recently most histor
4、ians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They -|_|- th in the long run industrializion grely raised the standard of living for the -|_|- man. But they insisted th its -|_|- results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the -|_|- of the English pop
5、ulion. -|_|- contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a -|_|- agricultural country, a period of gre abundance and prosperity. This view, -|_|- , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists -|_|- history and economics, have -|_|- two things: th the
6、 period from 1650 to 1750 was -|_|- by gre poverty, and th industrializion certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace. （分数：1.00）A.admittedB.believedC.claimedD.predicted二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2 Study the following chart carefully a
7、nd write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart, 2) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) . Study the following chart carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) analyze the chart
8、, 2) interpret its meaning, and 3) suggest possible measures to take. You should write about 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) （分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from h
9、yperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?“ Theres no question that the big are getting bigger
10、and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Arge
11、ntina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability o
12、f the world economy. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M in Star Wars, battles are fought around issues that also motivated man in the past. Thus, any vision about the future is really based on visions of the past, because that is all we can know for certain. As our religio
13、us myths about the future never went beyond Judgment Day, so our modern myths about the future cannot go beyond the search for lifes deeper meaning. The reason is that only as long as the choice between good and evil remains mans supreme moral problem does life retain that special dignity that deriv
14、es from our ability to choose between the two. A world in which this conflict has been permanently resolved eliminates man as we know him. It might be a universe peopled by angels, but it has no place for man. The moving picture is a visual art, based on sight. Speaking to our vision, it ought to pr
15、ovide us with the visions enabling us to live the good life; it ought to give us insight into ourselves. About a hundred years ago, Tolstoy wrote,“ Art is a human activity having for its purpose the transmission to others of the highest and best feelings to which men have risen.“ Later, Robert Frost
16、 defined poetry as “beginning in delight and ending in wisdom.“ Thus it might be said that the state of the art of the moving image can be assessed by the degree to which it meets the mythopoetic task of giving us myths suitable to live by in our time-visions that transmit to us the highest and best
17、 feelings to which men have risen-and by how well the moving images give us that delight which leads to wisdom. Let us hope that the art of the moving image, this most genuine American art, will soon meet the challenge of becoming truly the great art of our age. （分数：1.00）(1).In the authors view, sci
18、ence-fiction movies（分数：0.20）A.assure us of the scientific miracles created.B.predict likely advances in human experiences.C.offer invented stories concerning mans fate.D.signify human powers to a fantastic extent.(2).In science-fiction movies, man can find（分数：0.20）A.fantasies that may relieve his an
19、xiety for future existence.B.forecasts that his domination will be extended indefinitely.C.promises that his swelling demands will be fully satisfied.D.assurances that confirm the importance of moral principles.(3). The quotes from Tolstoy are used to（分数：0.20）A.reinforce the authors account about vi
20、sual art.B.provide fresh points about the moving picture.C.define the basic characteristics of art activities.D.describe the requirements for the art transmission.(4). The movies such as Star Wars（分数：0.20）A.fail to reflect contemporary problems for their transience.B.fail to free their subjects from
21、 issues of mans concerns.C.succeed in depicting magic scenes irrelevant to the past.D.succeed in offering imaginary visions irrespective of reality(5).The theme of modern myths could be drastically changed（分数：0.20）A.only if the struggle for good life were fully discarded.B.if only the conflict betwe
22、en good and evil had ceased.C.on condition that man as he is now became extinct.D.provided that average people were converted to angels.Non-indigenous (non-native) species of plants and animals arrive by way of two general types of pathways. First, species having origins outside the United States ma
23、y enter the country and become established either as free-living populations or under human cultivation-for example, in agriculture, horticulture, aquaculture, or as pets. Some cultivated species subsequently escape or are released and also become established as free-living populations. Second, spec
24、ies of either U.S. or foreign origin and already within the United States may spread to new locales. Pathways of both types include intentional as well as unintentional species transfers. Rates of species movement driven by human transformations of natural environments as well as by human mobility-t
25、hrough commerce, tourism, and travel-greatly exceed natural rates by comparison. While geographic distributions of species naturally expand or contract over historical time intervals (tens to hundreds of years), species ranges rarely expand thousands of miles or across physical barriers such as ocea
26、ns or mountains. Habitat modification can create conditions favorable to the establishment of non-indigenous species. Soil disturbed in construction and agriculture is open for colonization by non-indigenous weeds, which in turn may provide habitats for the non-indigenous insects that evolved with t
27、hem. Human-generated changes in fire frequency, grazing intensity, as well as soil stability and nutrient levels similarly facilitate the spread and establishment of non-indigenous plants. When human changes to natural environments span large geographical areas, they effectively create passages for
28、species movement between previously isolated locales. The rapid spread of the Russian wheat aphid to fifteen states in just two years following its 1986 arrival has been attributed in part to the prevalence of alternative host plants that are available when wheat is not. Many of these are non- indig
29、enous grasses recommended for planting on the forty million or more acres enrolled in the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve Program. A number of factors perplex quantitative evaluation of the relative importance of various entry pathways. Time lags often occur between establishment
30、 of non-indigenous species and their detection, and tracing the pathway for a long-established species is difficult. Experts estimate that non-indigenous weeds are usually detected only after having been in the country for thirty years or having spread to at least ten thousand acres. In addition, fe
31、deral port inspection, although a major source of information on non-indigenous species pathways, especially for agriculture pests, provides data only when such species enter via closely-examined routes. Finally, some comparisons between pathways defy quantitative analysis-for example, which is more
32、 “important“: the entry path of one very harmful species or one by which many but less harmful species enter the country? （分数：1.00）(1).Which of the following statements about species movement is best supported by the text?（分数：0.20）A.Human factors affect its rates more than its long-term amount.B.Nat
33、ural expansions of species account for their slow contractions.C.Natural environments created by humans facilitate species movement.D.Long-range species movement relies on the ranges of mans mobility.(2). According to the text, the U.S. Department of Agriculture（分数：0.20）A.is liable for the fast dist
34、ribution of the Russian wheat pest.B.failed to isolate the Russian wheat aphid in limited locales.C.provides data about foreign species imported by regulated routes.D.is responsible for introducing harmful plants onto federal lands.(3). Which of the following may best express the chief purpose of th
35、e last paragraph.?（分数：0.20）A.To explain the difficulties in tracing the pathways for long-established species.B.To describe the events leading to the detection of non-indigenous species.C.To identify the problems in assessing the weight of entry tracks for foreign species.D.To discuss the role of ti
36、me lags and geographic expansion in species detection.(4).It can be inferred that all of the following affect the movement of species EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.earth fertility.B.import restrictions.C.natural obstacles.D.fire disasters.(5).To determine the entry pathway for a non-native species is LEAST likel
37、y to depend on（分数：0.20）A.whether the species is considered to be a pest.B.whether the species enters by a closely-checked route.C.the rate at which the species extends geographically.D.the magnitude of the average number of the species.There will be a steady trend toward vegetarianism. A given quant
38、ity of ground can provide plant food for man or it can provide plant food for animals which are later killed for meat. In converting the tissues of food into the tissues of the feeder, up to 90 per cent is used for reasons other than tissue maintenance and growth. This means that one hundred pounds
39、of plant food will support ten pounds of human tissuewhile one hundred pounds of plant food will support ten pounds of animal tissue, which will then support one pound of human tissue. In other words, land devoted to plant food will support ten times as many human beings as land devoted to animal fo
40、od. It is this (far more than food preferences or religious directions ) that forces overcrowded populations into vegetarianism. And it will be the direction in which the United States of 2001 will be movingnot by presidential order, but through the force of a steady rise in meat prices as compared
41、with other kinds of food. This, in turn, will come about because our herds will decrease as the food demand causes more and more meadow to be turned to farmland, and as land producing corn and other animal food is converted to providing food directly for man. Another point is that it is not only ene
42、rgy that is in short supply. A shortage of oil means a shortage of plastics; a shortage of electricity means a shortage of aluminium. We are also experiencing a shortage of paper and most other raw materials. This means that, for one thing, our generosity in wrapping, bagging and packaging will have
43、 to recede. There will have to be at least a partial return in supermarkets to the old days where goods were supplied in bulk and given out in bags to order. It may even become necessary to return bags, as we once returned bottles, or pay for new ones. A decline in per-capita energy use will make it
44、 necessary to resort to human muscle again, so that the delivery man will make a comeback (his price added to that of the food, of course).Since energy shortages will cause unemployment in many sectors of the economy, there will be idle hands to do the manual work that will become necessary. From an
45、 energy-saving standpoint, it would make far more sense to order by phone and have a single truck deliver food to many homes, than for a member of each home to drive an automobile, round-trip, to pick up a one-family food supply. To be sure, it will not all be retrogression. Even assuming that Earth
46、 is in a desperate battle of survival through a crisis of still rising population and dwindling energy reserves, there should still continue to be technological advances in those directions that dont depend on wasteful bulk use of energy. There will be continuing advances in the direction of “sophis
47、tication“, in other words. （分数：1.00）(1). We know from the text that（分数：0.20）A.vegetarianism is the natural result of peoples food selection.B.present farmland produces more vegetables than animal food.C.vegetarianism is to be caused by the laws of market economy.D.peoples food preferences conflict w
48、ith supply and demand.(2).According to the author, deficiency of food inevitably leads to（分数：0.20）A.rapid increase in farmland yields.B.growing diminution of grassland.C.gradual termination of meat supply.D.violent struggle for animal food.(3) The author sees the positive effect of energy crisis in its（分数：0.20）A.impulse to wholesale dealings.B.solution of employment problems.C.restriction on fossil fuel extraction.D.impetus to technological pro
