1、考研英语 177及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)Many theies ccerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either the individual society as the maj ctributing influence. Theies -|_|- the individual suggest that children engage in criminal beha
2、vi -|_|-they were not sufficiently penalized f previous misdeeds that they have learned criminal behavi through -|_|-with others. Theies focusing the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in -|_|- to their failure to rise above their socioecomic status, -|_|- as a rejecti of middle-cla
3、ss values. Most theies of juvenile delinquency have focused children from disadvantaged families, -|_|- the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes -|_|- lack of adequate parental ctrol. All theies, however, are tentative and are -|_|- to criticism. Cha
4、nges in the social structure may indirecfiy -|_|- juvenile crime rates. F example, changes in the ecomy that -|_|- to fewer job opptunities f youth and rising unemployment -|_|- make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting disctent may in -|_|- lead me youths into criminal
5、 behavi. Families have also -|_|- changes these years. Me families csist of e-parent households two wking parents; -|_|- , children are likely to have less supervisi at home -|_|- was comm in the traditial family -|_|- This lack of parental supervisi is thought to be an influence juvenile crime rate
6、s. Other -|_|- causes of offensive acts include frustrati failure in school, the increased -|_|- of drugs and alcohol, and the growing -|_|- of child abuse and child neglect. All these cditis tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, -|_|- a direct causal relatiship has
7、not yet been established. （分数：1.00）二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)2.Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly o
8、n ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the picture, 2) analyze the causes of the problem, and 3) propose possible solutions. You should write about 160200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)* （分数：1.00
9、）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain ? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the
10、 government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was
11、a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earths atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts,
12、 added this key point in the preface to the panels report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning t
13、he future consequences of present actions.“ Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that its OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence i
14、s in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it s obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of
15、 action, they continue to press for more researcha classic case of “paralysis by analysis.“ To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration wont take the legislative initiative,
16、Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energ
17、y needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. （分数：1.00）(1).An argument made by supporters of smoking was that（分数：0.20）A.there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.B.the number of early deaths
18、of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.C.people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.D.antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.(2).According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as（分数：0.20）A.a protector.B.a judge.C.a critic.D.a guide(3).What does the author mean by “para
19、lysis by analysis“( Last line, Paragraph 4)?（分数：0.20）A.Endless studies kill action.B.Careful investigation reveals truth.C.Prudent planning hinders progress.D.Extensive research helps decision - making.(4).According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?（分数：0.20）A.Off
20、er aid to build cleaner power plants.B.Raise public awareness of conservation.C.Press for further scientific research.D.Take some legislative measures.(5).The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because（分数：0.20）A.they both suffered from the governments negligence.B.a l
21、esson from the latter is applicable to the former.C.the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.D.both of them have turned from bad to worse.Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasing
22、ly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people dont know where they should go next. The coming of age
23、 of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that on
24、ly 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed. While often praise
25、d by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores-personality, ability, courage or humanity-are completely ignored,“ says Toshiki Kaifu, chai
26、rman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Partys education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. “Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a
27、 return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War had weakened the“ Japanese morality of respect for parents.“ But that m
28、ay have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,“ says educator Yoko Muro, “its never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.“ With economic growth has come centralization ,fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where
29、community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two- generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In t
30、he past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. （分数：1.00）(1).In the Westerners eyes, the postwar Japan was_.（分数：0.25）A.under aimless developmentB.a positive exampleC
31、.a rival to the WestD.on the decline(2).According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?（分数：0.25）A.Womens participation in social activities is limited.B.More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.C.Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basic
32、s.D.The life-style has been influenced by Western values.(3).Which of the following is true according to the author?（分数：0.25）A.Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.B.Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.C.More stress
33、should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.D.Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.(4).The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that_.（分数：0.25）A.the young are less tolerant of discomforts in lifeB.the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U. S.C.the Japane
34、se endure more than ever beforeD.the Japanese appreciate their present lifeU.S. prisons are filled with drug offenders; the number of prisoners tripled over the past 20 years to nearly 2 million, with 60 to 70 per cent testing positive for substance abuse on arrest. The country has spent billions of
35、 dollars attacking the problem at its roots. But there is growing consensus that the “war on drug“ has been lost. The United States is still the worlds largest consumer of illegal substances; cocaine continues to pour over the border from Mexico. “Traffic“ taps into the national frustration, depicti
36、ng the horrors of both drugs and the drug war. Without taking sides, the film illuminates the national debate and poses on alternative that Americans seem increasingly willing to consider: finding new ways to treat, rather than merely punish, drug abuse. Policy revolutionslike legalizing narcotics (
37、drugs producing sleep or insensibility) remain a distant dream. But there is growing public awareness that the money and energy wasted on trying to check the flow of drugs into the United States might be better spent on trying to control demand instead. Voters in several states are far ahead of the
38、politicians, approving ballot initiatives that offer more treatment opinions. “Drugs courts“ that allow judges to use carrots and sticks to compel substance-abuse treatment have grown fifty-fold since the mid-1990s, part of a new understanding that, even with frequent relapses( returns to a formal s
39、tate), treatment is much less expensive for society than jail and ban. Drug addiction is increasingly being viewed as more a disease than a crime. Science is yielding clues about the “hedonic (of pleasure ) region“ of the brain, while breakthrough medications and greater understanding of the mental-
40、health problems that underlie many addictions are giving therapists new tools. Officials across the Continent have already begun shifting their focus from preventing drug flow to rehabilitating (making able to live a normal life again) drug users. The new European Union Drugs Strategy for 2000-2004
41、makes a commitment to increasing the number of successfully treated addicts. Gemany, Italy and Luxembourg have transferred responsibility for drug policy from their Ministries of the Interior to the Ministries of Health or Social Affairs. In Britain, the government has set up a National Treatment Ag
42、ency to coordinate the efforts of social-service agencies and the Department of Health. And drug-prevention and support agencies there are getting about 30 percent more funding this year. Changing the main national strategy from attacking drug pushers to rehabilitating addicts wont come easy. But sl
43、owly, steadily, Americans, like Europeans, seem determined to try. （分数：1.00）(1).According to the text, U. S. prisoners（分数：0.20）A.have increased by 2 million in number.B.are most jailed for their drug habit.C.consist of over 1.2 million drug dealers.D.are almost all wrong substance users.(2). The wor
44、d “Traffic“ in Par. 1 most probably means（分数：0.20）A.illegal trading in drugs.B.drug transport business.C.ways of smuggling drugs.D.channels of drug delivery.(3).Drug addiction is being viewed as a disease because（分数：0.20）A.scientists have got to the root of the problem.B.new medical breakthroughs ha
45、ve been produced.C.it usually gives rise to illnesses of the mind.D.strategy is shifting from punishment to treatment.(4).There seems to be growing awareness of（分数：0.20）A.the immense expense in tackling drug problem.B.the unavoidable legalization of certain drugs.C.the illumination of the debate abo
46、ut drug abuse.D.the impossible elimination of drug production.(5).More and more Americans favor all of the following EXCEPT（分数：0.20）A.compulsory treatment for drug addiction.B.forced demand-side reduction in drugs.C.lessening the fund supply to drugs courts.D.taking reward or punishment measures.Whe
47、n a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it had cloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment
48、 although no one had proposed to do so-and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group-the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC)-has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of the
