1、考研英语（二）-试卷 113及答案解析(总分：136.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Some historians say that the most important contribution of Dwight Eisenhowers pres
2、idency (总统任期) in the 1950s was the U. S. interstate highway system. It was a【C1】_ project, easily surpassing the scale of such previous human【C2】_ as the Panama Canal. Eisenhowers interstate highways【C3】_ the nation together in new ways and【C4】_ major economic growth by making commerce less【C5】_ Tod
3、ay, an information superhighway has been builtan electronic network that【C6】_ libraries, corporations, government agencies and【C7】_ . This electronic superhighway is called the Internet,【C8】_ it is the backbone (主干) of the World Wide Web. The Internet had its【C9】_ in a 1969 U. S. Defense Department
4、computer network called ARPAnet, which【C10】_ Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The Pentagon built the network for military contractors and universities doing military research to【C11】_ information. In 1983 the National Science Foundation (NSF) ,【C12】_ mission is to promote science, took ove
5、r. This new NSF network【C13】_ more and more institutional users, many of【C14】_ had their own internal networks. For example, most universities that【C15】_ the NSF network had intra-campus computer networks. The NSF network【C16】_ became a connector for thousands of other networks.【C17】_ a backbone sys
6、tem that interconnects networks, Internet was a name that fit. So we can see that the Internet is the wired infrastructure (基础设施) on which web【C18】_ move. It began as a military communication system, which expanded into a government-funded【C19】_ research network. Today, the Internet is a user-financ
7、ed system tying institutions of many sorts together【C20】_ an “ information superhighway“.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.conciseB.radicalC.massiveD.trivial(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.behaviorsB.endeavorsC.inventionsD.elements(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.packedB.stuckC.suppressedD.bound(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.facilitatedB.modi
8、fiedC.mobilizedD.terminated(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.competitiveB.comparativeC.exclusiveD.expensive(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.mergesB.connectsC.relaysD.unifies(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.figuresB.personalitiesC.individualsD.humans(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.andB.yetC.orD.while(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.samplesB.sourcesC.originsD.precedents
9、10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.stood byB.stood forC.stood againstD.stood over(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.exchangeB.bypassC.switchD.interact(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.theirB.thatC.whenD.whose(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.expandedB.contractedC.attractedD.extended(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.whatB.whichC.theseD.them(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.joine
10、dB.attachedC.participatedD.involved(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.moreoverB.howeverC.likewiseD.then(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.WithB.ByC.InD.As(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.contextsB.signsC.messagesD.leaflets(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.citizenB.civilianC.amateurD.resident(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.intoB.amidC.overD.toward二、Reading Compre
11、hensio(总题数：10，分数：52.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._Someday a stranger will read your e-mail without your permission or scan the Website youve visited. Or perhaps someone will casu
12、ally glance through your credit card purchases or cell phone bills to find out your shopping preferences or calling habits. In fact, its likely some of these things have already happened to you. Who would watch you without your permission? It might be a spouse, a girl friend, a marketing company, a
13、boss, a cop or a criminal. Whoever it is, they will see you in a way you never intended to be seen the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked. Psychologists tell us boundaries are healthy, that its important to reveal yourself to friends, family and lovers in stages, at appropriate times. But
14、 few boundaries remain. The digital bread crumbs(碎屑) you leave everywhere make it easy for strangers to reconstruct who you are, where you are and what you like. In some cases, a simple Google search can reveal what you think. Like it or not, increasingly we live in a world where you simply cannot k
15、eep a secret. The key question is: Does that matter? For many Americans, the answer apparently is “no. When opinion polls ask Americans about privacy, most say they are concerned about losing it. A survey found an overwhelming pessimism about privacy, with 60 percent of respondents saying they feel
16、their privacy is“ slipping away, and that bothers me. But people say one thing and do another. Only a tiny fraction of Americans change any behaviors in an effort to preserve their privacy. Few people turn down a discount at tollbooths(收费站) to avoid using the EZ-Pass system that can track automobile
17、 movements. And few turn down supermarket loyalty cards. Privacy economist Alessandro Acauisti has run a series of tests that reveal people will surrender personal information like Social Security numbers just to get their hands on a pitiful 50-cents-off coupon(优惠卷)。 But privacy does matter at least
18、 sometimes. Its like health: When you have it, you dont notice it. Only when its gone do you wish youd done more to protect it.（分数：10.00）(1).What does the author mean by saying “the 21st century equivalent of being caught naked“ (Lines 3 4 , Para. 2) ?（分数：2.00）A.Peoples personal information is easil
19、y accessed without their knowledge.B.In the 21st century people try every means to look into others secrets.C.People tend to be more frank with each other in the information age.D.Criminals are easily caught on the spot with advanced technology.(2).What would psychologists advise on the relationship
20、s between friends?（分数：2.00）A.Friends should open their hearts to each other.B.Friends should always be faithful to each other.C.There should be a distance even between friends.D.There should be fewer disputes between friends.(3).Why does the author say “we live in a world where you simply cannot kee
21、p a secret“ (Line5, Para. 3)?（分数：2.00）A.Modern society has finally evolved into an open society.B.People leave traces around when using modern technology.C.There are always people who are curious about others affairs.D.Many search engines profit by revealing peoples identities.(4).What do most Ameri
22、cans do with regard to privacy protection?（分数：2.00）A.They change behaviors that might disclose their identity.B.They use various loyalty cards for business transactions.C.They rely more and more on electronic devices.D.They talk a lot but hardly do anything about it.(5).According to the passage, pri
23、vacy is like health in that_.（分数：2.00）A.people will make every effort to keep itB.its importance is rarely understoodC.it is something that can easily be lostD.people dont cherish it until they lose itSustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic
24、 growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical a
25、nd cultural perspectives. To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population densi
26、ty than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients (营养成分) captured in the product it was relatively inefficient. Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition
27、 from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safer and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat (栖息地) loss and to diminishing biodiversity. Whats more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so
28、fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions. All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in
29、the 20th. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be “zero impact“. The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static me
30、asures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage. Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons(正反两方面) of all the various ways land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besid
31、es food yield; energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lowe
32、r carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity. What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.（分数：10.00）(1).How do people often measure progress in agriculture?（分数：2.00）A.By its productivity.B.By its sustainability.C.By its impa
33、ct on the environment.D.By its contribution to economic growth.(2).Specialization and the effort to increase yields have resulted in_.（分数：2.00）A.localized pollutionB.the shrinking of farmlandC.competition from overseasD.the decrease of biodiversity(3).What does the author think of traditional farmin
34、g practices?（分数：2.00）A.They have remained the same over the centuries.B.They have not kept pace with population growth.C.They are not necessarily sustainable.D.They are environmentally friendly.(4).What will agriculture be like in the 21st century?（分数：2.00）A.It will go through radical changes.B.It w
35、ill supply more animal products.C.It will abandon traditional farming practices.D.It will cause zero damage to the environment.(5).What is the authors purpose in writing this passage?（分数：2.00）A.To remind people of the need of sustainable development.B.To suggest ways of ensuring sustainable food pro
36、duction.C.To advance new criteria for measuring farming progress.D.To urge people to rethink what sustainable agriculture is.Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fas
37、cinated (使着迷) with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game“ of espionagespying as a “profession“. These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovans vocation as well. The latest re
38、volution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-click spying. The spooks (间谍) call it “open-source intelligen
39、ce“ , and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic w
40、orld. Among the firms making the biggest splash in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott Inte
41、rnational. Many of its predictions are available online at www. straitford. com. Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymasters dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up dat
42、a bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, well suddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine,“ says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And well hear back from some of them.“ Open-source spying does have its risks, o
43、f course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. Thats where Straitford earns its keep. Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firms outsider status as the key to its success. Straitfords
44、 briefs dont sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.（分数：10.00）(1).The emergence of the Net has_.（分数：2.00）A.received support from fans like Donov
45、anB.remolded the intelligence servicesC.restored many common pastimesD.revived spying as a profession(2).Donovans story is mentioned in the text to_.（分数：2.00）A.introduce the topic of online spyingB.show how he fought for the U. S.C.give an episode of the information warD.honor his unique services to
46、 the CIA(3).The phrase “making the biggest splash“ (Para. 3) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.causing the biggest troubleB.exerting the greatest effortC.achieving the greatest successD.enjoying the widest popularity(4).It can be learned from paragraph 4 that_.（分数：2.00）A.Straitfords prediction about U
47、kraine has proved trueB.Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its informationC.Straitfords business is characterized by unpredictabilityD.Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information(5).Straitford is most proud of its_.（分数：2.00）A.official statusB.nonconformist imageC.efficient staff
48、D.military backgroundCould the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $ 26 a barrel, up from less than $ 10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary (可怕的) memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled (成四倍) , and 19791980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflat
