1、考研英语（二）模拟试卷 123 及答案解析(总分：136.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_Some historians say that the most important contribution of Dwight Eisenhower s p
2、residency (总统任期) in the 1950s was the U.S. interstate highway system. It was a【C1】_ project, easily surpassing the scale of such previous human【C2】_ as the Panama Canal. Eisenhowers interstate highways【C3】_ the nation together in new ways and【C4】_ major economic growth by making commerce less【C5】_ .
3、 Today, an information superhighway has been builtan electronic network that【C6】_ libraries, corporations, government agencies and【C7】_ . This electronic superhighway is called the Internet,【C8】_ it is the backbone (主干) of the World Wide Web. The Internet had its【C9】_ in a 1969 U. S. Defense Departm
4、ent computer network called ARPAnet, which【C10】_ Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. The Pentagon built the network for military contractors and universities doing military research to【C11】_ information. In 1983 the National Science Foundation (NSF) ,【C12】_ mission is to promote science, took
5、 over. This new NSF network【C13】_ more and more institutional users, many of【C14】_ had their own internal networks. For example, most universities that【C15】_ the NSF network had intra-campus computer networks. The NSF network【C16】_ became a connector for thousands of other networks.【C17】_ a backbone
6、 system that interconnects networks, Internet was a name that fit. So we can see that the Internet is the wired infrastructure (基础设施) on which web【C18】_ move. It began as a military communication system, which expanded into a government-funded【C19】_ research network. Today, the Internet is a user-fi
7、nanced system tying institutions of many sorts together【C20】_ an “ information superhighway“.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.conciseB.radicalC.massiveD.trivial(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.behaviorsB.endeavorsC.inventionsD.elements(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.packedB.stuckC.suppressedD.bound(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.facilitatedB.
8、modifiedC.mobilizedD.terminated(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.competitiveB.comparativeC.exclusiveD.expensive(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.mergesB.connectsC.relaysD.unifies(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.figuresB.personalitiesC.individualsD.humans(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.andB.yetC.orD.while(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.samplesB.sourcesC.originsD.preced
9、ents(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.stood byB.stood forC.stood againstD.stood over(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.exchangeB.bypassC.switchD.interact(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.theirB.thatC.whenD.whose(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.expandedB.contractedC.attractedD.extended(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.whatB.whichC.theseD.them(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.j
10、oinedB.attachedC.participatedD.involved(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.moreoverB.howeverC.likewiseD.then(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.WithB.ByC.InD.As(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.contextsB.signsC.messagesD.leaflets(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.citizenB.civilianC.amateurD.resident(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.intoB.amidC.overD.toward二、Reading Co
11、mprehensio(总题数：10，分数：52.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._High-quality customer service is preached by many, but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than done. Shoppers s
12、eldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangersand anyone who will listen. Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide to frequent their competitors,
13、 according to a study jointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school. “Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers,“ said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde group. “The store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement.“ On average, every unhappy customer will
14、 complain to at least four others, and will no longer visit the specific store. For every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative reviews. The resulting “snowball effect“ can be disastrous to retailers. According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing enco
15、untered the most problems. Ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers. The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered (塞满了的) shelves, over-located racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople. During peak shopping hours, some retailers
16、solved the parking problems by getting moonlighting (业余兼职的) local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eye
17、ing the same parking space. Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions. Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry custo
18、mers. “Retailers whore responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who arent so friendly,“ said Professor Stephen Hoch. “Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help.“ Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filling complaints
19、 to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong.（分数：10.00）(1).Why are store managers often the last to hear complaints?（分数：2.00）A.Most customers wont bother to complain even if they have had unhappy experie
20、nces.B.Customers would rather relate their unhappy experiences to people around them.C.Few customers believe the service will be improved.D.Customers have no easy access to store managers.(2).What does Paula Courtney imply by saying “. the shopper must also find a replacement“ (Line 2, Para. 4)?（分数：
21、2.00）A.New customers are bound to replace old ones.B.It is not likely that the shopper can find the same products in other stores.C.Most stores provide the same kind of service.D.Not complaining to the manager causes the shopper some trouble too.(3).Shop owners often hire moonlighting police as park
22、ing attendants so that shoppers_.（分数：2.00）A.can stay longer browsing in the storeB.wont have trouble parking their carsC.wont have any worries about securityD.can find their cars easily after shopping(4).What contributes most to smoothing over issues with customers?（分数：2.00）A.Manners of the salespeo
23、ple.B.Hiring of efficient employees.C.Huge supply of goods for sale.D.Design of the store layout.(5).To achieve better shopping experiences, customers are advised to_.（分数：2.00）A.exert pressure on stores to improve their serviceB.settle their disputes with stores in a diplomatic wayC.voice their diss
24、atisfaction to store managers directlyD.shop around and make comparisons between storesCrippling health care bills, long emergency-room waits and the inability to find a primary care physician just scratch the surface of the problems that patients face daily. Primary care should be the backbone of a
25、ny health care system. Countries with appropriate primary care resources score highly when it comes to health outcomes and cost. The U.S. takes the opposite approach by emphasizing the specialist rather than the primary care physician. A recent study analyzed the providers who treat Medicare benefic
26、iaries (老年医保受惠人). The startling finding was that the average Medicare patient saw a total of seven doctorstwo primary care physicians and five specialistsin a given year. Contrary to popular belief, the more physicians taking care of you dont guarantee better care. Actually, increasing fragmentation
27、 of care results in a corresponding rise in cost and medical errors. How did we let primary care slip so far? The key is how doctors are paid. Most physicians are paid whenever they perform a medical service. The more a physician does, regardless of quality or outcome, the better hes reimbursed (返还费
28、用). Moreover, the amount a physician receives leans heavily toward medical or surgical procedures. A specialist who performs a procedure in a 30-minute visit can be paid three times more than a primary care physician using that same 30 minutes to discuss a patients disease. Combine this fact with an
29、nual government threats to indiscriminately cut reimbursements, physicians are faced with no choice but to increase quantity to boost income. Primary care physicians who refuse to compromise quality are either driven out of business or to cash-only practices, further contributing to the decline of p
30、rimary care. Medical students are not blind to this scenario. They see how heavily the reimbursement deck is stacked against primary care. The recent numbers show that since 1997, newly graduated U.S. medical students who choose primary care as a career have declined by 50%. This trend results in em
31、ergency rooms being overwhelmed with patients without regular doctors. How do we fix this problem? It starts with reforming the physician reimbursement system. Remove the pressure for primary care physicians to squeeze in more patients per hour, and reward them for optimally (最佳地) managing their dis
32、eases and practicing evidence-based medicine. Make primary care more attractive to medical students by forgiving student loans for those who choose primary care as a career and reconciling the marked difference between specialist and primary care physician salaries. Were at a point where primary car
33、e is needed more than ever. Within a few years, the first wave of the 76 million Baby Boomers will become eligible for Medicare. Patients older than 85, who need chronic care most, will rise by 50% this decade. Who will be there to treat them?（分数：10.00）(1).It can be inferred that the authors chief c
34、oncern about the current U. S. health care system is_.（分数：2.00）A.the inadequate training of physiciansB.the declining number of doctorsC.the ever-rising health care costsD.the shrinking primary care resources.(2).We learn from the passage that people tend to believe that_.（分数：2.00）A.seeing more doct
35、ors may result in more diagnostic errorsB.visiting doctors on a regular basis ensures good healthC.the more doctors taking care of a patient, the betterD.the more costly the medicine, the more effective the cure.(3).Faced with the government threats to cut reimbursements indiscriminately, primary ca
36、re physicians have to_.（分数：2.00）A.see more patients at the expense of qualityB.improve their expertise and serviceC.make various deals with specialistsD.increase their income by working overtime(4).Why do many new medical graduates refuse to choose primary care as their career?（分数：2.00）A.They think
37、working in emergency rooms tedious.B.The current system works against primary care.C.They find the need for primary care declining.D.Primary care physicians command less respect.(5).What suggestion does the author give in order to provide better health care?（分数：2.00）A.Extend primary care to patients
38、 with chronic diseases.B.Recruit more medical students by offering them loans.C.Reduce the tuition of students who choose primary care as their major.D.Bridge the salary gap between specialists and primary care physicians.It used to be so straightforward (直接的). A team of researchers working together
39、 in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations(附属机构) from the paper and send it to their peers for review, depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decli
40、ne it. Copyright rested with the journal publishers, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. No longer. The Internetand pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by r
41、estricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery o
42、f the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor. The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, u
43、pon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific Technical and Medical Publisher says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide speci
44、alizing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports autho
45、rs. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, t
46、here are open-access archives (档案) , where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories (仓库). Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first si
47、x months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author discusses_.（分数：2.00）A.the background information of journal edi
48、ting.B.the publication routine of laboratory reports.C.the relations of authors with journal publishers.D.the traditional process of journal publication.(2).Which of the following is true of the OECD report?（分数：2.00）A.It criticizes government-funded research.B.It introduces an effective means of publication.C.It upsets profit-making journal publishers.D.It facilitates public investment in scientific research.(3).According to the text, online publication is significant in
