1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 173 及答案解析(总分：42.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：42.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension_2.Part B_The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 1-5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and f
2、illing them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. A No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to
3、get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.B His concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 2
4、2% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to ag
5、ree on what a “general education“ should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read“they form a sort of social glue.C Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few
6、 posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor“s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of thes
7、es-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.D One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education
8、should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualific
9、ation.E Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalized the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell
10、by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr Menand, is that “the kno
11、wledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.“ So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.F The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is t
12、o alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.“ Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.“ Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary an
13、d more holistic.“ Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand does not say. G The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhe
14、re. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 1-5, you are required to reor
15、ganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed. A Some archaeological sites have always been easily observablefor example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece; the pyramids of Giza in Egyp
16、t; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident. Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfl
17、y hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the 1970s.B In another case, American archaeologists Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire city of Teotihuacan
18、in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City at its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in the world. The researchers mapped not only the city“s vast and ornate ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common people lived.C H
19、ow do archaeologists know where to find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information. Surveys and test samples have
20、 also become important for understanding the larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.D Surveys can cover a single large settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural villages an
21、d individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD 500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.E To find their sites, archaeologists today
22、rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Ae
23、rial surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as ancient buildings or fields.F Most archaeological sites, however, are discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb
24、of the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamum existed from information found in other sites. Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers“ stores in Athens, Greece. He
25、 was searching for ting engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans“s interpretations of those engravings eventually led them to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knoso s), on the island of Crete, in 1900.G Ground surveys allow
26、archaeologists to pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery. They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at selected points across a landscape. Archaeol
27、ogists also may locate buried remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording, and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in planning excavations, illustrating
28、how sites look, and presenting the results of archaeological research. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 1-5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-H to fill in ea
29、ch numbered box. Paragraphs A, G and H have been correctly placed. A Many studies conclude that children with highly involved fathers, in relation to children with less involved fathers, tend to be more cognitively and socially competent, less inclined toward gender stereotyping, more empathic, and
30、psychologically better adjusted. Commonly, these studies investigate both paternal warmth and paternal involvement and findusing simple correlationsthat the two variables are related to each other and to youth outcomes.B Boys seemed to conform to the sex-role standards of their culture when their re
31、lationships with their fathers were warm, regardless of how “masculine“ the fathers were, even though warmth and intimacy have traditionally been seen as feminine characteristics. A similar conclusion was suggested by research on other aspects of psychosocial adjustment and on achievement; Paternal
32、warmth or closeness appeared beneficial, whereas paternal masculinity appeared irrelevant.C The critical question is: How good is the evidence that fathers“ amount of involvement, without taking into account its content and quality, is consequential for children, mothers, or fathers themselves? The
33、associations with desirable outcomes found in much research are actually with positive forms of paternal involvement, not involvement per se. Involvement needs to be combined with qualitative dimensions of paternal behavior through the concept of “positive paternal involvement“ developed here.D Comm
34、only, researchers assessed the masculinity of fathers and of sons and then correlated the two sets of scores. Many behavioral scientists were surprised to discover that no consistent results emerged from this research until they examined the quality of the father-son relationship. Then they found th
35、at when the relationship between masculine fathers and their sons was warm and loving, the boys were indeed more masculine. Later, however, researchers found that the masculinity of fathers per se did not seem to make much difference after all. As summarized by:E The second domain in which a substan
36、tial amount of research has been done on the influence of variations in father love deals with father involvement, that is, with the amount of time that fathers spend with their children (engagement), the extent to which fathers make themselves available to their children (accessibility), and the ex
37、tent to which they take responsibility for their children“s care and welfare (responsibility).F It is unclear from these studies whether involvement and warmth make independent or joint contributions to youth outcomes. Moreover, “caring for“ children is not necessarily the same thing as “caring abou
38、t“ them. Indeed, Lamb concluded from his review of studies of paternal involvement that it was not the simple fact of paternal engagement (i.e., direct interaction with the child), availability, or responsibility for child care that was associated with these outcomes. Rather, it appears that the qua
39、lity of the father-child relationship made the greatest difference. J. H. Pleck reiterated this conclusion when he wrote:G Research by Veneziano and Rohner supports these conclusions. In a biracial sample of 63 African American and European American children, the authors found from multiple regressi
40、on analyses that father involvement by itself was associated with children“ s psychological adjustment primarily insofar as it was perceived by youths to be an expression of paternal warmth (acceptance). H Many studies looking exclusively at the influence of variations in father love deal with two t
41、opics: (a) gender role development and (b) father involvement Studies of gender role development emerged prominently in the 1940s and continued through the 1970s. This was a time when fathers were considered to be especially important as gender role models for sons. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空
42、项 1:_填空项 1:_The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 1-6, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-H to fill in each numbered box. Paragraphs A and G have been correctly placed. A You may have to impress the company
43、 HR representatives as well. HR reps are typically trained to ask very specific and personal questions, like what salary you expect and what you“ve made in the past. They might ask you about your impressions of the company and the people who interviewed you. They might also ask if you have other off
44、ers. If so, chances are good that they are willing to compete for you. But if you say that you have other offers, be prepared to back it up with the who, what and when, because they might challenge you. The HR reps are also the people who will conduct or arrange reference and background checks. They
45、 might have the final say.B Besides management, you might also interview with one or more of your future coworkers. Regardless of the questions they ask, what they most really want to know is how well you“ll fit into the team, if you“ll cause them more work instead of less, and if they should feel t
46、hreatened by you. When answering, be eager enough to show that you are a good team player and will pull your load, but not so eager as to appear to be a back-stabbing ladder climber!C Always research a company before you interview, and remember that attire, body language and manners count, big time.
47、 Try to avoid common mistakes. You may think that this is common sense, but crazy stuff really happens!D Job interviewing is one of the most popular career topics on the Web. But no career advisor can tell you exactly what to say during a job interview. Interviews are just too up-close and personal
48、for that. About the best that career advisors can do, is to give you some tips about the typical questions to expect, so you can practice answering them ahead of time. But, while there are many canned interview questions, there are few canned answers. The rest is up to you.E Be prepared to attend a second interview at the same company, and maybe even a third or fourth. If you“re called back for more interv
