1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 52 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_The Federal Trade Commission had some sharp words fo
2、r Internet companies Thursday, saying that they are not explaining to their users clearly enough what information they collect about them and how they use it for advertising. For now, the commission is sticking to its view that the Internet industry can voluntarily regulate its own privacy practices
3、. But the tone of the report, and comments by several commission members and staff officials, indicated that if the industry does not move faster, the agency would increase regulation or call for Congress to legislate stricter online privacy rules. “People were worried that the commission would aban
4、don its support for self-regulation,“ said Jules Polonetsky, the co-chairman of the Future of Privacy Forum, a trade group. “The commission is saying you have one last chance before I come upstairs and take your toys away. “ Technically, the commission released an update to its principles for what i
5、t calls online behavioral advertisingads shown to the user based on past patterns of behavior. These are voluntary guidelines first issued at the end of 2007. The new guidelines suggest that Web sites explain how they collect and use data in a “clear, concise, consumer friendly, and prominent“ way.
6、Few sites meet that standard right now, the commission found. “What we observe is that, with rare exception, it is not the rule for any Web sites to do those things,“ said Eileen Harrington, the acting director of the commission“s bureau of consumer protection, in an interview Thursday. “It is far m
7、ore commonplace for them to put the information in the midst of lengthy and hard-to-understand privacy policies. “ Ms. Harrington challenged Internet companies to explain what they are doing in a section other than its privacy policy. The commission did not specify what sort of notice companies shou
8、ld give, but it noted that some have proposed methods that are more visible to the average user, like a link right on each advertisement that leads to an explanation of what data the advertiser collects and uses. “This is about advertising, so these people ought to be creative,“ she said. Groups tha
9、t want better online privacy were mixed in their reaction. Some praised the new, tougher standards for targeted ads. But others argued that the commission did not go far enough to regulate all the different ways that Internet companies monitor users. “These are baby steps for privacy at best,“ said
10、Jeff Chester, the director of the Center for Digital Democracy.（分数：10.00）(1).The Federal Trade Commission believes that Internet companies _.（分数：2.00）A.explain clearly enough the information they collectB.draw up stricter online privacy rules for advertisingC.use the information about their users in
11、 advertisingD.have the freedom to adjust their own privacy rules(2).Information shows that the Federal Trade Commission would _.（分数：2.00）A.strengthen guidance to the growth of Internet industryB.support the Internet industry to regulate their policiesC.strictly control the privacy rules for online a
12、dvertisingD.call for Congress to legislate against online advertising(3).By saying “you have one last chance before 1 come upstairs and take your toys away“. Jules Polonetsky means that the commission is determined to _.（分数：2.00）A.update its principles for online advertising rulesB.force Web sites t
13、o regulate their privacy practicesC.urge Internet companies to provide better servicesD.forbid Web sites to use private information at will(4).Ms. Harrington noted that most Internet companies _.（分数：2.00）A.are unwilling to clearly explain how they collect and use dataB.are very creative in explainin
14、g what data they collect and useC.tend to use a visible method to explain what data they collectD.prefer to formulate lengthy and unintelligible privacy policies(5).Jeff Chester suggested that the Federal Trade Commission should（分数：2.00）A.prevent Web sites from monitoring usersB.adopt the most strin
15、gent standards for adsC.take stronger privacy protection measuresD.regulate online advertising when necessaryOne big plus of the House bill is the incentives it contains for a little-known technology called cogeneration. This is a method of using waste heat to generate power, and it has enormous pot
16、ential. Power plants, factories and refineries vent steam and hot gases through smokestacks. All that wasted heat is wasted energy. By putting a recovery device in the stack and using the steam to drive a turbine, one can generate electricity to send back into the factory or to the power grid. A 200
17、5 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory study of 16 major industries found enough waste heat to generate 96,000 megawatts of power, which is nearly a fifth of nationwide electricity demand. Another method of cogeneration is to build a mini-plant, usually fueled by natural gas, to power large industr
18、ial or commercial properties; a single flame generates electricity and heats the buildings while cutting out transmission costs. Both methods dramatically reduce power consumption and thus emissions. Cogeneration is attracting increasing notice, but it still faces high hurdles. Utilities see the ent
19、repreneurs who build cogeneration plants as competitors and often structure their rates to nullify savings for companies that recycle power. Further, in some states it“s illegal for anyone other than a utility to sell electricity. The House energy bill rightly improves access to the power grid for c
20、ogeneration facilities and sets up a loan fund to encourage recycled energy in public buildings, but more should be done, such as creation of an investment tax credit for cogeneration plants. Undoubtedly there is a limit to conservation-at some point, it will become prohibitively expensive to keep m
21、aking refrigerators 5% more efficient every yearbut the amount of power that could still be saved using existing technologies is staggering. Lawrence Berkeley researcher Hashem Akbari estimates the savings from a simple fix like requiring white roofs, which would reflect sunlight and therefore lower
22、 cooling costs, at more than $ 1 billion a year nationwide. Fighting global warming doesn“t have to derail the economy, or even slow it much. Some of the costs of the expensive fixes, such as developing renewable power, capturing carbon from coal-burning plants and refining better bio-fuels, can be
23、offset by the savings from efficiency measures such as better insulation, tougher fuel economy standards and appliances that suck less power. The right combination of saving energy and investing in new forms will pay dividends for the world.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, the House energy bill
24、encourages_.（分数：2.00）A.developing new technologiesB.utilizing little-known technologyC.improving cogeneration technologyD.using waste heat to produce electricity(2).Cogeneration technology has enormous potential since_.（分数：2.00）A.it can generate enough electricity for 16 major industries to useB.it
25、may satisfy a large proportion of nation“s electricity demandC.factories tend to discharge huge amount of steam and hot gasesD.all the wasted heat collected can be used to generate electricity(3).The author suggests that utilities are_.（分数：2.00）A.unwilling to see the development of cogenerationB.gla
26、d to have cogeneration plants as their competitorsC.in favor of the House energy bill to improve cogenerationD.in cooperation with cogeneration plants to supply electricity(4).It is true that the House energy bill_.（分数：2.00）A.forbids non-utility companies to sell electricityB.devises a tax credit fo
27、r cogeneration companiesC.structures rates for companies to recycle powerD.promotes the use of recycled energy in buildings(5).Which of the following is an economical measure for energy conservation?（分数：2.00）A.Investing in new forms of facilities.B.Making more efficient refrigerators.C.Requiring whi
28、te roofs for buildings.D.Toughening fuel economy standards.One of the hottest questions in the study of animal behavior is. “Do animals have emotions?“ The simple answer is. “Of course they do. “ Just look at them, listen to them, and, if you dare, smell the odors they emit when they interact with f
29、riends and foes. Look at their faces, tails, bodies and, most importantly, their eyes. What we see on the outside tells us a lot about what“s happening inside animals“ heads and hearts. As a scientist who“s studied animal emotions for more than 30 years. I consider myself very fortunate. Whenever I
30、observe or work with animals, I get to contribute to science and develop social relationships at the same time, and to me, there“s no conflict between the two. While stories about animal emotions abound, there are many lines of scientific support(what I call “science sense“)about the nature of anima
31、l emotions that are rapidly accumulating from behavioral and neurobiological studies(from the emerging field called social neuroscience). Common sense and intuition also feed into and support science sense and the obvious conclusion is that mammals, at the very least, experience rich and deep emotio
32、nal lives, feeling passions from pure and contagious joy during play, to deep grief and pain. Recent data also shows that birds and fish are sentient and experience pain and suffering. Prestigious scientific journals regularly publish essays on joy in rats, grief in elephants and empathy in mice. Th
33、e bottom line is that we know more about animal passions than we often admit, and we can no longer ignore the pain and suffering of other beings. Many people in higher education are faced with difficult questions about the use of animals in their classrooms and research laboratories and today we mus
34、t accept that there are compelling reasons stemming from scientific research to limit and perhaps stop using animals in lieu of the numerous highly effective non animal alternatives that are readily available. In scientific research there are always surprises. Just when we think we“ve seen it all, n
35、ew scientific data appear that force us to rethink what we know and to revise our stereotypes. For example, spindle cells, which were long thought to exist only in humans and other great apes, have recently been discovered in humpback whales, fin whales, killer whales and sperm whales in the same ar
36、ea of their brains as spindle cells in human brains. This brain region is linked with social organization, empathy and intuition about the feelings of others, as well as rapid gut reactions. Spindle cells are important in processing emotions. It“s likely that if we seek the presence of spindle cells
37、 in other animals we will find them.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following best supports the assumption that animals have emotions?（分数：2.00）A.What happens in their heads and hearts.B.How they interact with friends and foes.C.The odors they emit when heing with friends.D.The expression in their eyes wh
38、ile interacting with others.(2).The author considers himself very fortunate because_.（分数：2.00）A.he has studied animal emotions for more than 30 yearsB.he is one of the few scientists who study animal emotionsC.he has found scientific evidences to support the notion of animal emotionsD.he hasn“t foun
39、d any conflict between the study of animal behavior and his interest(3).The author has justified with his study of animal behavior that_.（分数：2.00）A.mammals are able to feel both joy and griefB.birds and fish experience more pain than joyC.mammals can experience richer emotions than other animalsD.co
40、mmon sense and intuition is less convincing than science sense(4).The author argues that_.（分数：2.00）A.animals have more passions than we usually admitB.non animal research is more effective than animal researchC.to stop using animals is not only imperative but also feasibleD.the pain and suffering im
41、posed on animals should be removed(5).By referring to spindle cells, the author intends to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.animal emotions originated from themB.animals are undoubtedly emotional beingsC.they are important in processing emotionsD.they can be found in the brains of various animalsSocial conflic
42、ts know no bounds. It does not resonate in a certain age group, creed, color or race. Everyone experiences at least one social conflict in their lifetime. There are many ways to deal with social conflicts, with some being remarkable and even resolving the conflict at hand, and others that tend to fu
43、el the fire or just make matters worse. A social conflict can be as small as a problem in the work place amongst coworkers and can be as big as a world leaders disagreeing on an international matter. As a child, many of us were told by our elders and mentors to ignore bullying. They told us that oth
44、ers were jealous or insecure and took it out on you as a result or coverup. A lot of us may remember resorting towards violence or other aggressive confrontations to try and deal with the matter. For many of us, this also resulted in punishment such as suspension, detention and worsening of the bull
45、ying. The truth is that if you go to a counselor or authority figure, and arrange a sit down with the person bullying and talk it out, you are usually better off. Trying to talk to a child or young adult in front of the peers, rarely works. They feel obligated to put on a show for their friends or u
46、phold their status as the “tough kid“ or the “class bully. “ Once they let that guard down, they may very well be bullied by the peers that have stood behind them in many situations. In the work place, certain conflicts can arise such as conflict of roles or authority to conflict of interest and pos
47、ition conflict. Many times, the best way to deal with a conflict in the work place is to talk to the coworker or source of conflict first, while remembering to be polite, civil and on point. Some others decide to go to the head of the workplace such as the boss or a supervisor to address the matter
48、at hand. Either way, it is never a good nor logical idea to confront the conflict with yelling, bullying, gossip, or physical violence. For one, this will not resolve the issue. You may also lead way to additional problems, such as suspension, loss of job, or loss of respect in the workplace. Social
49、 confliction is inevitable. The only way to deal with social conflict is resolution. You can take the road of violent and rash forms of trying to resolve your problems, or you can take the path of dealing with your problem civilly, legally and non-violently.（分数：10.00）(1).By saying “Social conflicts know no bounds. “. the author means that_.（分数：2.00）A.t
