【考研类试卷】中国科学院硕士英语-9及答案解析.doc
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1、中国科学院硕士英语-9 及答案解析(总分:75.00,做题时间:90 分钟)一、Part Reading Compr(总题数:0,分数:0.00)二、Section A(总题数:0,分数:0.00)三、Passage One(总题数:1,分数:6.00)Culture is transmitted largely by language and by the necessity for people in close contact to co-operate. The more extensive the communications network, the greater the exc
2、hange of ideas and beliefs and the more alike people become-in toleration of diversity if nothing else. Members of a culture or a nation are generally in closer contact with one another than with members of other cultures or nations. They become more like each other and more unlike others. In this w
3、ay, there develops “national character“, which is the statistical tendency for a group of people to share values and follow similar behavior patterns. Frequently, the members of one culture will interpret the “national characteristics“ of another group in terms of their own values. For example, the
4、inhabitants of a South Pacific island may be considered “lazy“ by citizens of some industrialized nations. On the other hand, it may be that the islanders place a great value on social relationships but little value on “productivity“, and crops grow with little attention. The negative connotation of
5、 the label “lazy“ is thus unjustified from the point of view of the island culture. Stereotypes, such as “lazy“, “inscrutable“, and “dishonest“ give people the security of labels with which to react to others in a superficial way, but they are damaging to real understanding among members of differen
6、t cultures. People react more to labels than to reality. A black American Peace Corps volunteer, for instance, is considered and called a white man by black Africans. The “we-they“ distinction applies to whatever characteristic the “wes“ have and the “theys“ do not have- and the characteristics attr
7、ibuted to the “theys“ are usually ones with a negative value. The distinction becomes most obvious in times of conflict. For this reason, it is often suggested the only thing that might join all men together on this planet would be an invasion from outer space. “We“, the earthlings, would then fight
8、 “them“, the outsiders. Given the great diversities- real and imagined- among people of the world, is there any foundation for hope that someday all men might join together to form a single and legitimate world government? The outcome will probably depend on the political evolution of mankind.(分数:6.
9、00)(1).What makes people more tolerant of diversity between different groups?(分数:1.00)A.Extensive communications.B.Language development.C.Close cooperation.D.Direct interactions.(2).“National character“ is built among people who_(分数:1.00)A.like each otherB.share their valuesC.speak the same language
10、D.think in the same way(3).To some industrialized nations, the mentioned South Pacific islanders are_(分数:1.00)A.well-organizedB.inefficientC.carefreeD.idle(4).With stereotypes, people tend to_(分数:1.00)A.react to each other on a regular basisB.describe other cultures with labelsC.take their own cultu
11、re as the best of allD.see different cultures in different ways(5).What is true about the black American Peace Corps volunteer?(分数:1.00)A.He was wronged by his fellow African Americans.B.He was considered against by the whites.C.He was discriminated against by the whites.D.He was excluded from the b
12、lack Africans.(6).It is possible to form a single and legitimate world government only when_(分数:1.00)A.people of different nations hold similar political viewsB.human beings as a whole have one common enemyC.people are willing to abandon their “national character“D.human beings are able to contact b
13、eings in outer space四、Passage Two(总题数:1,分数:6.00)In Second Nature, Nobel Prize-winning neuroscientist Gerald Edelman argues that the brain and mind are unified, but he has little patience with the claim that the brain is a computer. Fortunately for the general reader, his explanations of brain functi
14、on are accessible, reinforced by concrete examples and metaphors. Edelman suggests that thanks to the recent development of instruments capable of measuring brain structure within millimeters and brain activity within milliseconds, perceptions, thoughts, memories, willed acts, and other mind matters
15、 traditionally considered private and impenetrable to scientific scrutiny now can be correlated with brain activity. The author describes three unifying insights that correlate mind matters with brain activity. First, even distant neurons will establish meaningful connections (circuits) if their pat
16、terns are synchronized. Second, experience can either strengthen or weaken synapses (neuronal connections). Finally, there is reentry, the continued signaling from one brain region to another and back again along massively parallel nerve fibers. Edelman concedes that neurological explanations for co
17、nsciousness and other aspects of mind are not currently available, but he is confident that they will be soon. Meanwhile, he is comfortably hazarding a guess: “All of our mental life, is based on the structure and dynamics of our brain,“ Despite this optimism about the explanatory powers of neurosci
18、ence, Edelman acknowledges the pitfalls in attempting to explain all aspects of the mind in neurological terms. Indeed, culture-not biology-is the primary determinant of the brain“s evolution, and has been since the emergence of language, he notes. However, I was surprised to learn that he considers
19、 Sigmund Freud “the key expositor of the effects of unconscious processes on behavior“. Such a comment ignores how slightly Freud“s conception of the unconscious, with its emphasis on sexuality and aggression, resembles the cognitive unconscious studied by neuroscientists. Still, Second Nature is we
20、ll worth reading. It serves as a bridge between the traditionally separate camps of “hard“ science and the humanities. Readers without at least some familiarity with brain science will likely find the going difficult at certain points. Nonetheless, Edelman has achieved his goal of producing a provoc
21、ative exploration of“how we come to know the world and ourselves“.(分数:6.00)(1).Gerald Edelman would probably support the idea that_(分数:1.00)A.the brain co-functions with the mindB.the brain works like a computerC.the brain has an accessible functionD.the brain sends signals to the mind(2).It was pre
22、viously considered that perceptions and other mind matters could hardly be_(分数:1.00)A.treated as a significant issueB.studied with scientific methodsC.separated from brain activityD.handled with surgical instruments(3).Edelman firmly believes that_(分数:1.00)A.mind matters will eventually be explained
23、 from a neurological perspectiveB.experience will have an ill effect on neuronal connectionsC.distant neurons will help synchronize their firing patternD.brain signals will repeatedly go from one brain region to another(4).According to Edelman, to provide a thorough explanation of the human mind, ne
24、uroscience will be_(分数:1.00)A.reliableB.responsibleC.impracticalD.insufficient(5).The author disagrees with the idea that the neuroscience-based cognitive unconscious can be_(分数:1.00)A.studied irrelevantly to sexual behaviorB.affected by the language acquisitionC.clearly explained by Freud“s theoryD
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