1、大学英语四级 212 及答案解析(总分：746.55，做题时间：130 分钟)一、Writing (30 minutes)(总题数：1，分数：30.00)1.For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Cheating on Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 在大学里存在着考试作弊的现象； 2. 你是怎么看待这一现象的； 3. 如何才能制止之种现象。
2、（分数：30.00）_二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：1，分数：71.00)The Problem of Scarce Resources The problem of how health-care resources should be distributed, so that they are distributed in both the most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically developed society is fa
3、ced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the communitys total resources should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned(分配); what diseases and disabilities and which forms of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community
4、are to be given special consideration in respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective. What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the limit of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in pa
5、rticular, as well as more specific changes regarding the clientele(委托人) of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s, there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exha
6、ustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population was also finite (有限的). In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were “limits to growth“. The new consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources w
7、as part of this general revelation(揭露) of the obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many countries in the years immediately after the 1939-1945 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic health needs of any communi
8、ty could be satisfied, at least in principle; the “invisible hand“ of economic progress would provide. However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that
9、people have a basic right to health-care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions, public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental social facilities necessary for peo
10、ple to exercise their other rights as independent human beings. People are not in a position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic healthcare is a
11、condition of the exercise of autonomy (自治). Although the language of “rights“ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United States to the idea that there is a fo
12、rmal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is pr
13、ovided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a “public good“, rather than a “private good“ that one is expected to guy for oneself. As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organization put it: “The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamenta
14、l rights of every human being without distinction(区别) of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition.“ As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the indispensable condition for the exercise of personal autonomy. Just at the time when it became
15、obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state. The second set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care
16、 resources stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very expensive) consumers of health-care resources. Thus in OECD countrie
17、s as a whole, health costs increased form 3.8% of GDP in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will continue to increase. (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia about 7.8% of GDP.) As a consequence, during the 198
18、0s a kind of doomsday scenario(假想) (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations (推断的) about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators, economists and politicians. In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or decl
19、ining resources. （分数：71.00）(1).The article is generally about the situation of health-care resources.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(2).In 1950s and 1960s, Eastern societies noticed that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite and exhaustible.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(3).Personal liberty and ind
20、ependence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-care.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(4).Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of healthcare resources became evident.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(5).In OECD countries population changes have had an impact on health-ca
21、re costs in recent years.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(6).OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision needed.（分数：7.10）A.YB.NC.NG(7).In most economically developed countries the elderly will have to make special provision for their health-care in the future.（分数：7.10）A.Y
22、B.NC.NG(8).Someone has predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP will_.（分数：7.10）_(9).During_, a kind of doomsday scenario was projected.（分数：7.10）_(10).In the scenario ever-rising health costs were matched against_.（分数：7.10）_三、Listening Comprehens(总题数：1，分数：15.00)A.The woman had forgotten M
23、axims phone number.B.The man saw Maxim on the street two months ago.C.Maxim and the woman had not been in touch for some time.D.The woman made a phone call to Maxim yesterday.A.The library is closed on weekends.B.He was not allowed to check out the book.C.He had no idea where the book was.D.He didnt
24、 get the book he needed.A.In a clothing store.B.In a barbershop.C.In a bank.D.In a school.A.They will limit their teaching to certain subjects only.B.They will be replaced by online education sooner or later.C.They will continue to exist along with online education.D.They will attract fewer kids as
25、online education expands.A.He didnt like it at all.B.He liked some parts of it.C.He didnt think much of it.D.He enjoyed it as a whole.A.Bring her flowers every day.B.Leave his job to work for her.C.Quit delivering flowers.D.Work at a restaurant.A.The woman missed registration for the biology course.
26、B.The woman got a wrong class permit.C.The woman misplaced her class permit for biology.D.The woman arrived for registration too early.A.Drop one course and do it next semester.B.Do the assignments towards the end of the semester.C.Take courses with a lighter workload.D.Quit the history course and c
27、hoose another one instead.四、Section B(总题数：2，分数：10.00)A.Two.B.Three.C.Five.D.Seventeen.A.A drivers license.B.A permission slip.C.A registration card.D.Nothing.A.Next quarter.B.Friday at nine oclock.C.Friday afternoon.D.Later the same day.A.That he is majoring in mathematics.B.That he has never taken
28、a chemistry course.C.That he is a freshman.D.That he does not like his advisor.A.50 cents.B.75 cents.C.5 dollars.D.A million dollars.A.He was a famous writer.B.He was a politician.C.He died in 1865.D.He once gave a book as a present.A.The book with the signature.B.A novel published 6 years ago.C.A n
29、ovel which costs 60 cents.D.A nineteenth-century book.A.The music passed down from older generations.B.Recorded music instead of live music.C.Modern music young people can enjoy.D.The music children hear in a car.A.It can shape their likes and dislikes in music.B.It can help them learn language.C.It
30、 can help develop their mind.D.It helps them know about cultural values.A.Songs for lulling babies to sleep.B.Songs in a foreign language.C.Songs that promise, praise and teach culture values.D.All the above.A.Spend a longer time on vacation in the car.B.Have more choices in the music they hear.C.En
31、joy music without being disturbed.D.Have another place to get together.A.An experienced policeman.B.An experienced teacher.C.An inexperienced policeman.D.An inexperienced teacher.A.He usually came across lost children.B.He usually bought ice cream for children.C.He usually looked for thieves.D.He us
32、ually patrolled with nothing happening.A.He bought the boy a cone at the nearest ice-cream stand.B.He called a patrol car.C.He helped the boy find his parents.D.He asked the boy a lot of questions.A.About three.B.About four.C.About five.D.About six.A.A car outside the supermarket.B.A car at the bott
33、om of the hill.C.Pauls ear.D.The sports car.A.Inside the car.B.At the foot of the hill.C.In the garage.D.In the supermarket.A.The driver of the sports car.B.The two girls inside the ear.C.The man standing nearby.D.The salesman from London.A.Nobody.B.The two girls.C.The bus driver.D.Paul.六、Section C(
34、总题数：1，分数：10.00)The United States and five major Asian nations have announced a partnership to develop new energy technologies to reduce pollution and curb global warming without hurting economic development. The plan was officially unveiled Thursday at a (36) 1meeting in Laos. Australian Foreign Min
35、ister Alexander Downer announced the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development. He says it will develop and (37) 2 clean energy technologies among some of the biggest in the developing and the (38) 3world. The partnership brings together the worlds two largest (39) 4 the United States and China
36、and four other major Asian economies: Japan, India, Australia and South Korea. Together these six countries contribute more than one-half of the worlds so-called greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. U. S. (40) 5 Secretary of State Robert Zoellick says the partnership will allow partne
37、rs to gain a better understanding of the challenges (41) 6 developing nations. “We have to listen to our developing country (42) 7 about some of their particular problems,“ he said. “India and China in particular both have huge development challenges, of which energy is a (43) 8component. “ Mr. Zoel
38、lick underscores that (44) 9. The Kyoto Protocol requires 35 nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by five percent by the year 2012. (45) 10. (46) 11. （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_七、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：2，分数：355.00)Since we are socia
39、l beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relation- ships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on
40、 their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassles (困难). People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illnesses, from depression to heart di
41、sease, reveal that the presence of social support helps people fend off (挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely. Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is s
42、trengthened when we feel accepted by others despite our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leis
43、ure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting (转移注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support financial aid, material resources, and needed services that reduces stress by helping us resolve and c
44、ope with our problems. （分数：177.50）(1).Interpersonal relationships are important because _.（分数：35.50）A.they are indispensable to peoples social well-beingB.they waken peoples desire to exchange resourcesC.they help people to cope with life in the information eraD.they can cure a range of illnesses su
45、ch as heart disease, etc.(2).Research shows that peoples physical and mental health _.（分数：35.50）A.relies on the social welfare systems which support themB.has much to do with the amount of support they get from othersC.depends on their ability to deal with daily worries and troublesD.is closely rela
46、ted to their strength for coping with major changes in their lives(3).Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “cushions“ ( Line 1, Para. 2) ?（分数：35.50）A.Adds up to.B.Does away with.C.Lessens the effect of.D.Lays the foundation for.(4).Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is
47、 an example of _.（分数：35.50）A.instrumental supportB.informational supportC.social companionshipD.the strengthening of self-respect(5).Social companionship is beneficial in that _.（分数：35.50）A.it helps strengthen our ties with relativesB.it enables us to eliminate our faults and mistakesC.it makes our leisure-time activities more enjoyableD.it draws our attention away from our worries and troublesWhen I turned 40, my husband staged a surprise party for me. I should never forget my emotion as I entered the restaurant and saw loving friends amid flowers and music and a la
