1、托福-36 及答案解析(总分：81.50，做题时间：90 分钟)一、READING(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part 1(总题数：1，分数：6.50)MUSICAL TALENT1 Among all the abilities with which an individual may be endowed, musical talent appears earliest in life. Very young children can exhibit musical precocity for different reasons. Some develop exceptional s
2、kill as a result of a well-designed instructional regime, such as the Suzuki method for the violin. Some have the good fortune to be born into a musical family in a household filled with music. In a number of interesting cases, musical talent is part of an otherwise disabling condition such as autis
3、m or mental retardation. A musically gifted child has an inborn talent; however, the extent to which the talent is expressed publicly will depend upon the environment in which the child lives. 2 Musically gifted children master at an early age the principal elements of music, including pitch and rhy
4、thm. Pitch-or melody-is more central in certain cultures, for example, in Eastern societies that make use of tiny quarter-tone intervals. Rhythm, sounds produced at certain auditory frequencies and grouped according to a prescribed system, is emphasized in sub-Saharan Africa, where the rhythmic rati
5、os can be very complex. 3 All children have some aptitude for making music. During infancy, normal children sing as well as babble, and they can produce individual sounds and sound patterns. Infants as young as two months can match their mother“s songs in pitch, loudness, and melodic shape, and infa
6、nts at four months can match rhythmic structure as well. Infants are especially predisposed to acquire these core aspects of music, and they can also engage in sound play that clearly exhibits creativity. 4 Individual differences begin to emerge in young children as they learn to sing. Some children
7、 can match large segments of a song by the age of two or three. Many others can only approximate pitch at this age and may still have difficulty in producing accurate melodies by the age of five or six. However, by the time they reach school age, most children in any culture have a schema of what a
8、song should be like and can produce a reasonably accurate imitation of the songs commonly heard in their environment. The early appearance of superior musical ability in some children provides evidence that musical talent may be a separate and unique form of intelligence. There are numerous tales of
9、 young artists who have a remarkable “ear“ or extraordinary memory for music and a natural understanding of musical structure. In many of these cases, the child is average in every other way but displays an exceptional ability in music. Even the most gifted child, however, takes about ten years to a
10、chieve the levels of performance or composition that would constitute mastery of the musical sphere. 5 Every generation in music history has had its famous prodigies-individuals with exceptional musical powers that emerge at a young age. In the eighteenth century, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began compo
11、sing and performing at the age of six. As a child, Mozart could play the piano like an adult. He had perfect pitch, and at age nine he was also a master of the art of modulation-transitions from one key to another-which became one of the hallmarks of his style. By the age of eleven, he had composed
12、three symphonies and 30 other major works. Mozart“s well-developed talent was preserved into adulthood. 6 Unusual musical ability is a regular characteristic of certain anomalies such as autism. In one case, an autistic girl was able to play “Happy Birthday“ in the style of various composers, includ
13、ing Mozart, Beethoven, Verdi, and Schubert. When the girl was three, her mother communicated with her by playing incomplete melodies, which the child would complete with the appropriate tone in the proper octave. For the autistic child, music may be the primary mode of communication, and the child m
14、ay cling to music because it represents a haven in a world that is largely confusing and frightening.（分数：6.50）(1).The word precocity in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.strong interestB.good luckC.advanced skillD.personal style(2).Which sentence below best expresses the essential infor
15、mation in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：0.50）A.Children may be born with superior musical ability, but their environment will determine how this ability is developed.B.Every child is naturally g
16、ifted, and it is the responsibility of the public schools to recognize and develop these talents.C.Children with exceptional musical talent will look for the best way to express themselves through music-making.D.Some musically talented children live in an environment surrounded by music, while other
17、s have little exposure to music.(3).The author makes the point that musical elements such as pitch and rhythm（分数：0.50）A.distinguish music from other art formsB.vary in emphasis in different culturesC.make music difficult to learnD.express different human emotions(4).The word predisposed in paragraph
18、 3 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.inclinedB.giftedC.pushedD.amused(5).According to the passage, when does musical talent usually begin to appear?（分数：0.50）A.When infants start to babble and produce sound patternsB.Between the ages of two and four monthsC.When children learn to sing at two or thre
19、e years oldD.Between ten years old and adolescence(6).According to the passage, which of the following suggests that musical talent is a separate form of intelligence?（分数：0.50）A.Exceptional musical ability in an otherwise average childB.Recognition of the emotional power of musicC.The ability of all
20、 babies to acquire core elements of musicD.Differences between learning music and learning language(7).Why does the author discuss Mozart in paragraph 6?（分数：0.50）A.To compare past and present views of musical talentB.To give an example of a well-known musical prodigyC.To list musical accomplishments
21、 of the eighteenth centuryD.To describe the development of individual musical skill(8).In music, the change from one key to another is known as（分数：0.50）A.rhythmB.prodigyC.perfect pitchD.modulation(9).All of the following are given as examples of exceptional musical talent EXCEPT（分数：0.50）A.a remarkab
22、le “ear“ or perfect memory for musicB.ability to compose major works at a young ageC.appreciation for a wide variety of musical stylesD.playing a single song in the style of various composers(10).The word haven in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.beautiful artB.safe placeC.personal goa
23、lD.simple problem(11).It can be inferred from the passage that exceptional musical ability（分数：0.50）A.occurs more frequently in some cultures than in othersB.is evidence of a superior level of intelligence in other areasC.has been documented and studied but is little understoodD.is the result of natu
24、ral talent and a supportive environment(12).Look at the four squares, , , , and , which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? They can even imitate patterns and tones sung by other people. All children have some aptitude for making mu
25、sic. During infancy, normal children sing as well as babble, and they can produce individual sounds and sound patterns. Infants as young as two months can match their mother“s songs in pitch, loudness, and melodic shape, and infants at four months can match rhythmic structure as well. Infants are es
26、pecially predisposed to acquire these core aspects of music, and they can also engage in sound play that clearly exhibits creativity. （分数：0.50）(13).An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express t
27、he most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. （分数：0.50）A.Very young children can develop exceptional skill in playing the violin
28、by the Suzuki method.B.While all children have a basic ability to make music, some exhibit extraordinary skill at a very early age.C.Prodigies have a natural understanding of musical structure that enables them to play and compose music with great skill.D.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart had composed several
29、 major works and symphonies by the age of eleven.E.Autistic children cannot relate to their environment realistically and therefore have difficulty in communicating.F.Exceptional musical ability is often part of an otherwise disabling condition such as autism.三、Part 2(总题数：2，分数：13.00)CLOTHING AND COS
30、TUME1 The ancient Greeks and the Chinese believed that we first clothed our bodies for some physical reason, such as protecting ourselves from the elements. Ethnologists and psychologists have invoked psychological reasons: modesty, taboo, magical influence, or the desire to please. Anthropological
31、research indicates that the function of the earliest clothing was to carry objects. Our hunting-gathering ancestors had to travel great distances to obtain food. For the male hunters, carrying was much easier if they were wearing simple belts or animal skins from which they could hang weapons and to
32、ols. For the female gatherers, more elaborate carrying devices were necessary. Women had to transport collected food back to the settlement and also had to carry babies, so they required bags or slings. 2 Another function of early clothing-providing comfort and protection-probably developed at the s
33、ame time as utility. As human beings multiplied and spread out from the warm lands in which they evolved, they covered their bodies more and more to maintain body warmth. Today, we still dress to maintain warmth and to carry objects in our clothes. And like our hunting-gathering ancestors, most men
34、still carry things on their person, as if they still needed to keep their arms free for hunting, while women tend to have a separate bag for carrying, as if they were still food-gatherers. But these two functions of clothing are only two of many uses to which we put the garments that we wear today.
35、3 There is a clear distinction between attire that constitutes “clothing“ and attire that is more aptly termed “costume.“ We might say that clothing has to do with covering the body, and costume concerns the choice of a particular form of garment for a particular purpose. Clothing depends primarily
36、on such physical conditions as climate, health, and textile, while costume reflects social factors such as personal status, religious beliefs, aesthetics, and the wish to be distinguished from or to emulate others. 4 Even in early human history, costume fulfilled a function beyond that of simple uti
37、lity. Costume helped to impose authority or inspire fear. A chieftain“s costume embodied attributes expressing his power, while a warrior“s costume enhanced his physical superiority and suggested he was superhuman. Costume often had a magical significance such as investing humans with the attributes
38、 of other creatures through the addition of ornaments to identify the wearer with animals, gods, or heroes. In more recent times, professional or administrative costume is designed to distinguish the wearer and to express personal or delegated authority. Costume communicates the status of the wearer
39、, and with very few exceptions, the aim is to display as high a status as possible. Costume denotes power, and since power is often equated with wealth, costume has come to be an expression of social class and material prosperity. 5 A uniform is a type of costume that serves the important function o
40、f displaying membership in a group: school, sports team, occupation, or armed force. Military uniform denotes rank and is intended not only to express group membership but also to protect the body and to intimidate. A soldier“s uniform says, “I am part of a powerful machine, and when you deal with m
41、e, you deal with my whole organization.“ Uniforms are immediate beacons of power and authority. If a person needs to display power-a police officer, for example-then the body can be virtually transformed. Height can be exaggerated with protective headgear, thick clothing can make the body look broad
42、er and stronger, and boots can enhance the power of the legs. Uniforms also convey low social status; at the bottom of the scale, the uniform of the prisoner denotes membership in the society of convicted criminals. Religious costume signifies spiritual or superhuman authority and possesses a signif
43、icance that identifies the wearer with a belief or god. A successful clergy has always displayed impressive vestments of one kind or another that clearly demonstrate the religious leader“s dominant status.（分数：6.00）(1).According to the passage, psychological reasons for wearing clothing include（分数：0.
44、50）A.protection from cold weatherB.the availability of materialsC.prevention of illnessD.the wish to give pleasure(2).The word elaborate in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.primitiveB.modestC.complexD.attractive(3).According to the passage, what aspect of humanity“s hunting-gathering p
45、ast is reflected in the clothing of today?（分数：0.50）A.People cover their bodies because of modesty.B.Most men still carry objects on their person.C.Women like clothes that are beautiful and practical.D.Men wear pants, but women wear skirts or pants.(4).Which sentence below best expresses the essentia
46、l information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（分数：0.50）A.Clothing protects the body, and costume involves selecting clothing for a specific intention.B.We like clothing to fit our body well, but dif
47、ferent costumes fit differently depending on the purpose.C.Both clothing and costume are types of attire, but it is often difficult to distinguish between them.D.People spend more time in choosing special costumes than they do in selecting everyday clothing.(5).According to paragraph 4, early humans
48、 used costume to（分数：0.50）A.maintain body warmthB.carry weaponsC.attract a potential spouseD.convey social position(6).The word ornaments in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.layersB.wordsC.feathersD.decorations(7).It can be inferred from paragraph 4 that the author most likely believes
49、which of the following about costume?（分数：0.50）A.We can learn about a society“s social structure by studying costume.B.Costume used to serve a simple function, but now it is very complex.C.The main purpose of costume is to force people to obey their leaders.D.Costume is rarely a reliable indicator of a person“s material wealth.(8).The word beacons in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to（分数：0.50）A.signalsB.lightsC.inventionsD.reversals(9).Why does the author discuss the police officer“s uniform in paragraph 5?（分数：0.50）A.To describe the aesthetic aspects of costumeB.To identify the weare
