1、英语翻译高级口译-高级阅读(五)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSECTION 1 READI(总题数：4，分数：50.00)Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, A. B. C. or D. to each question.Years ago, when I first started building web
2、sites for newspapers, many journalists told me that they saw the Internet as the end of reliable journalism. Since anyone could publish whatever they wanted online, “real journalism“ would be overwhelmed, they said. Who would need professional reporters and editors if anyone could be a reporter or a
3、n editor? I would tell them not to worry. While my personal belief is that anyone can be a reporter or editor, I also know that quality counts. And that the “viral“ nature of the Internet means that when people find quality, they let other people know about it. Even nontraditional media sites online
4、 will survive only if the quality of their information is trusted. The future of online news will demand more good reporters and editors, not fewer.So I was intrigued when Newsweek recently published a story called “Revenge of the Expert“. It argued that expertise would be the main component of “Web
5、 3.0“. “The wisdom of the crowds has peaked,“ says Jason Calacanis, founder of the Maholo “people-powered search engine“ and a former AOL executive. “Web 3.0 is taking what weve built in Web 2.0the wisdom of the crowdsand putting an editorial layer on it of truly talented, compensated people to make
6、 the product more trusted and refined.“ Well, yes and no. Sure, it is important for people to trust the information they find online. And as the Newsweek article argues, the need for people to find trusted information online is increasing, thus the need for more expertise. But the article fails to m
7、ention the most important feature of the world of digital information. Its not expertiseits choice.In many cases the sites that people come to trust are built on nontraditional models of expertise. Look at sites like D, R, or S. There, users provide the expertise on which others depend. When many us
8、ers select a particular story, that story accumulates votes of confidence, which often lead other users to choose that story. The choices of the accumulated community are seen as more trustworthy than the “gatekeeper“ model of traditional news and information. Sometimes such sites highlight great re
9、porting from traditional media. But often they bring forward bits of important information that are ignored (or missed) by “experts“. Its sort of the “open source“ idea of informationa million eyes looking on the Web for information is better than a few.Jay Rosen, who writes the PressThink blog, say
10、s in an e-mail that hes seen this kind of story before, calling it a “kind of pathetic“ trend reporting. “I said in 2006, when starting NewAssignment. Net, that the strongest editorial combinations will be pro-am. I still think that. Why? Because for most reporters covering a big sprawling beat, its
11、 still true what Dan Gillmor said: My readers know more than I do. And its still the case that tapping into that knowledge is becoming more practical because of the Internet.“J. D. Lasica, a social-media strategist and former editor, also says he sees no departure from the “wisdom of the crowds“ mod
12、el. “Ive seen very little evidence that the sweeping cultural shifts weve seen in the past half dozen years show any signs of retreating,“ Mr. Lasica says. “Young people now rely on social networks . to take cues from their friends on which movies to see, books to read. And didnt Lonely Planet Guide
13、 explore this terrain for travel and Zagats for dining back in the 90s?“In many cases, traditional media is still the first choice of online users because the reporters and editors of these media outlets have created a level of trust for many peoplebut not for everyone. When you combine the idea of
14、expertise with the idea of choice, you discover nontraditional information sites that become some of the Internets most trusted places. Take SCOTUS, written by lawyers about cases in the Supreme Court. It has become the place to go for other lawyers, reporters, and editors to find in-depth informati
15、on about important cases. The Internet also allows individuals to achieve this level of trust. For instance, the S blog written by Robert Scoble. Mr. Scoble, a former Microsoft employee and tech expert, is widely seen as one of the most important people to read when you want to learn whats happening
16、 in the world of technology. He built his large audience on the fact that people trust his writing.To me, its the best of all possible information worlds.（分数：12.50）(1).According to the passage, the expression “real journalism“ is used to refer to _. A. traditional newspapers and magazines B. online
17、news and information provided by “the crowds“ C. online news and information provided by professional reporters and editors D. news and information from both traditional media and nontraditional media sites（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(2).When the author is describing the “viral“ nature of the Internet (para. 1
18、), he uses the metaphorical expression to tell the readers that _. A. when transmitted through the Internet, any thing harmful would quickly be destroyed B. any message revealed through the Internet would survive whether it is trusted or not C. any “quality“ message would be quickly accepted and pas
19、sed on from one another D. only the trusted online information would survive and be accepted by the crowds（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following does NOT support the statement “Its not expertiseits choice“ (para. 2)? A. Expertise determines the choice by the crowds. B. The world of digital info
20、rmation is built on the selection of netizens. C. Nontraditional models of expertise are built on the selection of users. D. The accumulated votes of confidence lead to the establishment of expertise（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(4).What is the major argument of the passage? A. With the development of digital te
21、chnology, anyone can be a reporter or editor. B. Professional reporters and editors are always the trusted “gatekeeper“ of traditional news and information. C. The choices of the accumulated online users should be considered more trustworthy and reliable than those of the few with expertise. D. Expe
22、rtise would be the main component of both traditional media and nontraditional information sites.（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(5).The author introduces the Newsweek article “Revenge of the Expert“ A. as a starting point for his argument and discussion B. to show it has won the support of Jay Rosen, J. D. Lasica
23、, Dan Gillmor and many others C. as an example to indicate the end of “real journalism“ D. to prove that the future of digital information will be based more on expertise（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.Scientists have discovered a way of manipulating a gene that turns animals into drones incapable of becoming bore
24、d even when performing repetitive tasks. Experiments on rhesus monkeys have shown for the first time that animal behaviour can be permanently altered, turning the subjects from aggressive to “compliant“ creatures. The genes are identical in humans. Although the research is intended to advance the tr
25、eatment of mental illness, it will raise images of the Epsilon caste created by Aldous Huxley to carry out menial jobs in his novel, Brave New World. It could also do away with the need for motivational coaching and perhaps one day provide a cure for those who dread returning to work on Mondays.The
26、experimentsdetailed in the journal Nature Neuroscienceinvolved blocking the effect of a gene in the brain called D2, which cut the link between the monkeys motivation and perceived reward. Instead of speeding up with the approach of a deadline or the prospect of a “treat“, the monkeys could still wo
27、rk enthusiastically for long periods. “Most people are motivated to work hard and well only by the expectation of reward, whether its a pay cheque or a word of praise,“ said Barry Richmond, a neuro-biologist at Americas National Institute of Mental Health, who led the project. “We could remove that
28、link and create a situation where repetitive hard work would continue without any reward. “The experiments involved getting monkeys to operate levers in response to colour changes on screens in front of them. Normally they work hardest and fastest with the fewest mistakes if they think a reward for
29、the “work“ is imminent. But Richmonds team found they could make the monkeys work their hardest and fastest all the time, without any complaint or sign of slacking, just by manipulating D2 so that they forgot about expectation of reward. “We make decisions all the time based on how valuable we think
30、 a reward is and how much time we think it is going to take to get it,“ said Richmond. “In depression, people think no reward is worthwhile and all work is too burdensome. In obsessive compulsive disorder, people work and are never satisfied by what they have done. If we can find the disturbance in
31、the brain circuitry related to emotions and reward, we might be able to relieve the symptoms.“He said the technicalities of permanently altering human behaviour by gene manipulation are currently too complex and humans who underwent this treatment to become live manifestations of Huxleys Epsilons wo
32、uld not function well. “They would be indiscriminate and not be able to appreciate that their efforts were wasted if there was a problem further along a production line,“ Richmond said. “It would be more to the point for us to motivate people using normal motivating factors. “ However, he and other
33、scientists acknowledge that methods of manipulating human physical and psychological traits are just around the corner and the technology will emerge first as a lucrative add-on available from IVF clinics. “Theres no doubt we will be able to influence behaviour,“ said Julian Savulescu, a professor o
34、f ethics at Oxford University. He said: “Genetically manipulating people to become slaves is not in their interests, but other changes might be. We have to make choices about what makes a good life for an individual.“Richmonds findings were discussed at a Royal Society meeting organised by Bob Edwar
35、ds, the scientist whose work led to the creation of Louise Brown, the worlds first test tube baby. In a presentation entitled Designing Babies: What the Future Holds, Yuri Verlinsky, a scientist from the University of Chicago who is at the forefront of embryo manipulation, said: “As infertility cust
36、omers are investing so much time, money and effort into having a baby, shouldnt they have a healthy one and what is to stop them picking a baby for its physical and psychological traits?“ The advent of the technology is considered so serious in America that a meeting to discuss setting up a legal fr
37、amework for “germline“ genetic manipulation is being held in Washington, D.C. in December.（分数：12.50）(1).It can be concluded from the passage that the Epsilon caste created by Aldous Huxley in his novel Brave New World are _. A. a kind of slave class who are humble and obedient B. a group of mental p
38、atients receiving medical treatment C. the working people who are involved in manufacturing D. hero and heroine in the adventures in the Brave New World（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(2).The original purpose of the research introduced in the passage was _. A. to find ways to treat people with mental problems B. t
39、o make monkeys work their hardest and fastest C. to do away with the need for motivational coaching D. to promote the productivity of the manufacturing industry（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(3).Which of the following CANNOT be true about the gene D2 according to the passage? A. They are identical both in humans
40、and monkeys. B. They serve as the link between motivation and reward perceived. C. The manipulation of the gene can permanently change behavior. D. The removal of the gene can make people more intelligent.（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(4).According to neuro-biologist Barry Richmond, the methods of manipulating h
41、uman physical and psychological traits _. A. are against human ethical values B. will be developed in the near future C. are based on normal motivating factors D. are too complex to function well（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.(5).It can be concluded from the passage that the scientist Yuri Verlinsky _ the technol
42、ogy of gene manipulation. A. is a strong opponent of B. is a determined supporter of C. is more concerned with the legal framework of D. is indifferent to the ethical side of（分数：2.50）A.B.C.D.What is the role of human resources as the world goes through turmoil, and what is its future as so many indu
43、stries face extreme change?Effendi Ibnoe,Bali, IndonesiaTalk about timing. Your question arrived in our in-box the same day that we received a note from an acquaintance who had just been let go from his job in publishing, certainly one of the industries that is facing, as you put it, “extreme change
44、“. He described his layoff as a practically Orwellian experience in which he was ushered into a conference room to meet with an outplacement consultant who, after dispensing with logistics, informed him that she would call him at home that evening to make sure everything was all right.“I assured her
45、 I had friends and loved ones and a dog,“ he wrote, “and since my relationship with her could be measured in terms of seconds, they could take care of that end of things.“ “Memo to HR: Instead of saddling dismissed employees with solicitous outplacement reps,“ he noted wryly, “put them in a room wit
46、h some crockery for a few therapeutic minutes of smashing things against a wall.“While we enjoy our friends sense of humor, wed suggest a different memo to HR. “Layoffs are your moment of truth,“ it would say, “when your company must show departing employees the same kind of attentiveness and dignit
47、y that was showered upon them when they entered. Layoffs are when HR proves its mettle and its worth, demonstrating whether a company really cares about its people.“Look, weve written before about HR and the game-changing role we believe it canand shouldplay as the engine of an organizations hiring,
48、 appraisal, and development processes. Weve asserted that too many companies relegate HR to the mundane busy-work of newsletters, picnics, and benefits, and weve made the case that every CEO should elevate his head of HR to the same stature as the CFO. But if there was ever a time to underscore the
49、importance of HR, it has arrived. And, sadly, if there was ever a time to see how few companies get HR right, it has arrived, too, as our acquaintances experience shows.So, to your question: What is HRs correct role nowespecially in terms of layoffs?First, HR has to make sure people are let go by their managers, not strangers. Being fired is dehumanizing in any event, but to get the new
