1、Designation: C311/C311M 17Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Usein Portland-Cement Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311/C311M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 Th
3、ese test methods cover procedures for sampling andtesting fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use inportland-cement concrete.1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:SectionsSampling 7CHEMICAL ANALYSISReagents and apparatus 10Moisture content 11 and 12Loss on ignition 13 and 14Silicon
4、dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, calciumoxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodiumoxideand potassium oxide 15Available alkali 16 and 17Ammonia 18PHYSICAL TESTSDensity 19Fineness 20Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 2123Soundness 24Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26Strength activit
5、y index with portland cement 2730Water requirement 31Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inControlling Alkali-Silica Reactions 32Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inContributing to Sulfate Resistance 341.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded
6、 separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.NOTE 1Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Spe
7、ci-fication E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is forinformation only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
8、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be consi
9、dered asrequirements of this standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World T
10、rade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis
11、 of HydraulicCementC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC151/C151M Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hy-draulic CementC157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of HardenedHydraulic-Cement Mortar and ConcreteC185 Test Method for
12、 Air Content of Hydraulic CementMortar1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-tee C09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2017. Published September 2
13、017. Originallyapproved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C311/C311M 16.DOI: 10.1520/C0311_C0311M-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer t
14、o the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with inte
15、rnationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cemen
16、tC204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement byAir-Permeability ApparatusC219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic CementC226 Specification for Air-Entraining Additions for Use inthe Manufacture of Air-Entraining Hydraulic CementC227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity ofCement-Aggregate
17、 Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)C430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the45-m (No. 325) SieveC441/C441M Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans orGround Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Ex-pansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica ReactionC604 Test Method for True Spe
18、cific Gravity of RefractoryMaterials by Gas-Comparison PycnometerC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC778 Specification for Standard SandC1012/C1
19、012M Test Method for Length Change ofHydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate SolutionC1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement MortarC1697 Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementi-tious MaterialsD1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In WaterD4326 Test Method for Major and Minor E
20、lements in Coaland Coke Ash By X-Ray FluorescenceE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves2.2 ACI Document:3ACI 201.2R Guide to Durable Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology C125 and Terminology C219.
21、3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 composite sample, na sample that is constructed bycombining equal portions of grab or regular samples.3.2.2 established source, na source for which at least sixmonths of continuous production quality assurance recordsfrom a test frequency requ
22、ired for a new source are available,sampled at the source.3.2.3 grab sample, na sample that is taken in a singleoperation from a conveyor delivering to bulk storage, frombags, or from a bulk shipment.3.2.3.1 DiscussionA grab sample may or may not reflectthe composition or physical properties of a si
23、ngle lot of fly ashor natural pozzolan. This type of sample can be used tocharacterize small amounts of material.3.2.4 new source, na source for which less than sixmonths of production records are available, sampled at thesource.3.2.5 regular sample, na sample that is constructed bycombining equal p
24、ortions of grab samples that were taken atpredetermined times or locations from any single lot ofmaterial.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for com-parison with the requirements of Specification C618 or Speci-fication C1697. These test methods are based on standa
25、rdizedtesting in the laboratory and are not intended to simulate jobconditions.4.1.1 Strength Activity IndexThe test for strength activityindex is used to determine whether fly ash or natural pozzolanresults in an acceptable level of strength development whenused with hydraulic cement in concrete. S
26、ince the test isperformed with mortar, the results may not provide a directcorrelation of how the fly ash or natural pozzolan willcontribute to strength in concrete.4.1.2 Chemical TestsThe chemical component determina-tions and the limits placed on each do not predict theperformance of a fly ash or
27、natural pozzolan with hydrauliccement in concrete, but collectively help describe compositionand uniformity of the material.5. Materials5.1 Graded Standard SandThe sand used for making testspecimens for the activity index with lime or portland cementshall be natural silica sand conforming to the req
28、uirements forgraded standard sand in Specification C778.NOTE 2Segregation of Graded SandThe graded standard sandshould be handled in such a manner as to prevent segregation, sincevariations in the grading of the sand cause variations in the consistency ofthe mortar. In emptying bins or sacks, care s
29、hould be exercised to preventthe formation of mounds of sand or craters in the sand, down the slopesof which the coarser particles will roll. Bins should be of sufficient size topermit these precautions. Devices for drawing the sand from bins bygravity should not be used.5.2 Hydrated LimeThe hydrate
30、d lime used in the testsshall be reagent-grade calcium hydroxide, 95 % minimumcalculated as Ca(OH)2(Note 3), and have a minimum finenessof 2500 m2/kg as determined in accordance with Test MethodC204.NOTE 3The calcium hydroxide should be protected from exposure tocarbon dioxide. Material remaining in
31、 an opened container after a testshould not be used for subsequent tests.5.3 Portland CementThe portland cement used in theStrengthActivity Index with Portland Cement test shall complywith the requirements of Specification C150/C150M and havea minimum compressive strength of 35 MPa (5000 psi) at 28d
32、ays and total alkalies (Na2O + 0.658 K2O) not less than0.50 % nor more than 0.80 %.5.3.1 The use of a locally available portland cement in theStrength Activity Index or a project cement that does not meetthe requirements of the section on Materials is permitted whenthe variations from the requiremen
33、ts of the section on Materialsare reported and when the use of such portland cement isrequested.3Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.C311/C311M 1726. Sample Type and Size6.1 Grab samples and regular samples shall have
34、a mass ofat least 2 kg (4 lb).6.2 Grab samples or regular samples taken at prescribedintervals over a period of time (see Table 1), may be combinedto form a composite sample representative of the fly ash ornatural pozzolan produced during that period of time.6.3 Composite samples shall have a mass o
35、f at least 4 kg(8 lb).6.4 The sampling shall be done by, or under the direction of,a responsible representative of the purchaser.7. Sampling Procedure7.1 The fly ash or natural pozzolan may be sampled by anyone of the following methods:7.1.1 From Bulk Storage at Point of Discharge or from RailCars a
36、nd Road TankersA sample may be taken by siphontube during loading or by sampling tube from each loaded caror tanker. If the load is sampled at the point of discharge intothe rail car or tanker, the top surface shall be removed to adepth of at least 200 mm (8 in.) before sampling. The sampleshall be
37、identified with at least the date and shipment number.7.1.2 From Bags in StorageThe regular sample shallcomprise increments of equal size taken by sampling tube fromthree bags selected at random from one lot of bagged material.The sample shall be identified with date and lot number.7.1.3 From Convey
38、or Delivering to Bulk StorageTake onesample of 2 kg (4 lb) or more of the material passing over theconveyor. This may be secured by taking the entire test samplein a single operation, known as the grab sample method, or bycombining several equal portions taken at regular intervals,known as the regul
39、ar sample method.Automatic samplers maybe used to obtain samples.7.2 Samples shall be treated as described in Section 8.NOTE 4Some methods of loading or delivery of fly ash or naturalpozzolan, particularly from an airstream or conveyor belt, may createstratification or segregation in the material st
40、ream. Sampling techniquesmust be designed to ensure that the sample is representative of the materialshipped.8. Preparation and Storage of Samples8.1 Prepare composite samples for the tests required inSection 9, by arranging all grab or regular samples into groupscovering the period or quantity to b
41、e represented by thesample. Take equal portions from each, sufficient to produce acomposite sample large enough for the tests required. Mix thecomposite sample thoroughly.8.2 Samples shall be stored in clean, airtight containersidentified with the source and lot or period of time represented.Unteste
42、d portions of the sample shall be retained for at leastone month after all test results have been reported.9. Testing Frequency9.1 GeneralWhen required, the purchaser shall specifythe amount of testing for available alkalies, reactivity withcement alkalies, drying shrinkage, and air-entrainment. Mak
43、eall other tests on regular or composite samples chosen asspecified in Table 1.CHEMICAL ANALYSIS10. General10.1 All apparatus, reagents and techniques shall complywith the requirements of Test Methods C114.10.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, refer-ences to water shall be understood to me
44、an distilled water orwater of equal purity.MOISTURE CONTENT11. Procedure11.1 Dry a weighed sample, as received, to constant mass inan oven at 110 6 5 C 230 6 10 F.12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the percentage of moisture to the nearest0.1 %, as follows:Moisture content, % 5 A/B! 3100 (1)where:A = mas
45、s loss during drying, andB = mass as received.LOSS ON IGNITION13. Procedure13.1 Using a representative sample of material remainingfrom the determination of moisture content, determine loss onignition by the procedure described below:13.1.1 Determine the tare mass of a clean, cool, uncovered,porcela
46、in crucible, and record the tare mass of the crucible (A)to the nearest 0.0001 g.NOTE 5The tare mass of crucibles should be determined by preheat-ing the empty crucible to constant mass at the same temperature and underthe same conditions as used for the final ignition of a residue, and coolingin a
47、desiccator for the same period of time used for the crucible containingthe residue.13.1.2 In the crucible, place an amount of material between0.5 and 4 g and record the combined mass of the crucible andmaterial (B) to the nearest 0.0001 g.TABLE 1 Minimum Sampling and Testing FrequencyATest Sample Ty
48、peJobsite or NewSourceBEstablishedSourceBMoisture contentLoss on ignitionFinenessRegular Daily or each90 Mgc(100 Tons)Daily or each360 MgC(400 Tons)Density and theother tests inSpecificationC618, Tables 1and 2Composite Monthly or each1 800 MgC(2 000 Tons)Monthly or each2 900 MgC(3 200 Tons)AIt shoul
49、d be noted that the minimum test frequency given in Table 1 is notnecessarily the frequency needed for quality control programs on some fly ash ornatural pozzolans.BFor definitions, refer to the Terminology section.CWhichever comes first.C311/C311M 17313.1.3 Ignite the crucible and material to constant mass in afurnace at 750 6 50C. Constant mass shall be obtained by anyof the following methods: 1) firing for 45 minutes, 2) succes-sive firings until constant mass is established by measuring theloss between two successive firings. Wh
