1、BSI Standards Publication Power electronics systems and equipment Operation conditions and characteristics of active infeed converter (AIC) applications including design recommendations for their emission values below 150 kHz PD IEC/TS 62578:2015National foreword This Published Document is the UK im
2、plementation of IEC/TS 62578:2015. It supersedes DD IEC/TS 62578:2009 which is withdrawn. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee PEL/22, Power electronics. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This pu
3、blication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The British Standards Institution 2015. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2015 ISBN 978 0 580 75477 7 ICS 29.200 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immu
4、nity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 April 2015. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD IEC/TS 62578:2015 IEC TS 62578 Edition 2.0 2015-04 TECHNICAL
5、 SPECIFICATION SPECIFICATION TECHNIQUE Power electronics systems and equipment Operation conditions and characteristics of active infeed converter (AIC) applications including design recommendations for their emission values below 150 kHz Systmes et quipements lectroniques de puissance Conditions de
6、 fonctionnement et caractristiques des convertisseurs alimentation active (AIC), y compris les recommandations de conception pour leurs valeurs dmission infrieures 150 kHz INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE ICS 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-2585-1 Registere
7、d trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission Marque dpose de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur
8、 agr. colour inside PD IEC/TS 62578:2015 2 IEC TS 62578:2015 IEC 2015 CONTENTS FOREWORD . 9 INTRODUCTION . 11 1 Scope 12 2 Normative references 12 3 Terms and definitions 13 4 General system characteristics of PWM active infeed converters connected to the power supply network 18 4.1 General . 18 4.2
9、 Basic topologies and operating principles . 18 4.2.1 General . 18 4.2.2 Operating principles . 18 4.2.3 Equivalent circuit of an AIC 20 4.2.4 Filters 21 4.2.5 Pulse patterns . 21 4.2.6 Control methods 22 4.2.7 Control of current components . 22 4.2.8 Active power factor correction 22 4.3 AIC rating
10、 . 23 4.3.1 General . 23 4.3.2 Converter rating under sinusoidal conditions . 23 4.3.3 Converter rating in case of harmonic currents 23 4.3.4 Converter rating under dynamic conditions 24 5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) considerations for the use of AICs 24 5.1 General . 24 5.2 Low-frequency ph
11、enomena ( 150 kHz) . 44 5.3.1 General . 44 5.3.2 Mitigation of distortion . 44 5.3.3 Immunity 44 5.3.4 EMI filters 44 5.4 Audible noise effects . 45 5.5 Leakage currents 45 5.6 Aspects of system integration and dedicated tests 45 6 Characteristics of a PWM active infeed converter of voltage source t
12、ype and two level topology 46 6.1 General . 46 6.2 General function, basic circuit topologies 46 PD IEC/TS 62578:2015IEC TS 62578:2015 IEC 2015 3 6.3 Power control 49 6.4 Dynamic performance . 50 6.5 Desired non-sinusoidal line currents . 50 6.6 Undesired non-sinusoidal line currents 50 6.7 Availabi
13、lity and system aspects . 51 6.8 Operation in active filter mode 52 7 Characteristics of a PWM active infeed converter of voltage source type and three level topology 52 7.1 General function, basic circuit topologies 52 7.2 Power control 53 7.3 Dynamic performance . 53 7.4 Undesired non-sinusoidal l
14、ine currents 54 7.5 Availability and system aspects . 54 8 Characteristics of a PWM Active Infeed Converter of Voltage Source Type and Multi Level Topology 55 8.1 General function, basic circuit topologies 55 8.2 Power control 56 8.3 Dynamic performance . 57 8.4 Power supply network distortion 57 8.
15、5 Availability and system aspects . 57 9 Characteristics of a F3E AIC of the Voltage Source Type 58 9.1 General function, basic circuit topologies 58 9.2 Power control and line side filter . 59 9.3 Dynamic performance . 61 9.4 Harmonic current 61 10 Characteristics of an AIC of Voltage Source Type i
16、n Pulse Chopper Topology . 62 10.1 General . 62 10.2 General function, basic circuit topologies 62 10.3 Desired non-sinusoidal line current . 63 10.4 Undesired non-sinusoidal line current . 63 10.5 Reliability 63 10.6 Performance . 64 10.7 Availability and system aspects . 64 11 Characteristics of a
17、 two level PWM AIC of current source type (CSC) 64 11.1 General . 64 11.2 General function, basic converter connections 64 11.3 Power control 66 11.4 Dynamic performance . 67 11.5 Line current distortion . 68 11.6 Operation in active filter mode 68 11.7 Availability and system aspects . 68 Annex A (
18、informative) . 69 A.1 Control methods for AICs in VSC (Voltage Source Converter) topology . 69 A.1.1 General . 69 A.1.2 Considerations of control methods . 69 A.1.3 Short-circuit ride through functionality for decentralized power infeed with AIC . 70 A.1.4 Fault ride through mode . 70 PD IEC/TS 6257
19、8:2015 4 IEC TS 62578:2015 IEC 2015 A.2 Examples of practical realized AIC applications 72 A.2.1 AIC of current source type (CSC). 72 A.2.2 Active infeed converter with commutation on the d.c. side (reactive power converter) 74 A.3 Details concerning two level and multi-level AICs in VSC Topology. 7
20、6 A.3.1 Properties of active infeed converters (PWM) with different number of levels . 76 A.3.2 Examples of typical waveforms of AICs . 77 A.3.3 Construction and realization 78 A.4 Basic transfer rules between voltage and current distortion of an AIC . 78 A.5 Examples of the influence of AICs to the
21、 voltage quality . 79 A.6 Withstand capability of power capacitors towards distortion in the range of 2 kHz to 9 kHz 80 A.6.1 General . 80 A.6.2 Catalogue information about permissible harmonic load 82 A.6.3 Frequency boundaries for permissible distortion levels 82 A.6.4 Frequency spectrum of active
22、 infeed converters 83 A.6.5 Conclusion 84 A.7 Impact of additional AIC filter measures in the range of 2 kHz to 9 kHz . 85 A.7.1 General . 85 A.7.2 Example of a PDS constellation (AIC and CSI) 86 A.7.3 Conclusion 88 A.8 Example of the power supply network impedance measurement . 89 A.8.1 General . 8
23、9 A.8.2 Basic principle of measurement . 89 A.8.3 Harmonic component injection methods for measurement 90 A.8.4 Harmonic current generation by disturbing device 90 A.8.5 References based on current injection by disturbance (Method A) . 90 A.8.6 References based on sinusoidal single frequency injecti
24、on (Method B) 92 Annex B (informative) . 94 B.1 Basic considerations for design recommendations of AICs in the range of 2 kHz to 9 kHz 94 B.1.1 Overview . 94 B.1.2 General . 94 B.1.3 Withstand capability of power capacitors connected to the power supply network and recommendation for the compatibili
25、ty in the frequency range 2 kHz to 9 kHz . 95 B.1.4 Basic conditions for setting the capacitor withstand capability curve 95 B.1.5 Matching of AIC converters (2-Level PWM) to different power supply network conditions without overloading the power capacitor burden. 97 B.1.6 Considerations in regard t
26、o medium voltage power supply networks 99 B.1.7 AIC filtering considerations 100 B.1.8 AIC appropriate technical and economical amount . 100 B.1.9 Frequency range from 2 kHz to 9 kHz 101 B.2 Design recommendations for conducted emission of low voltage AICs in the reasonable context of higher frequen
27、cies between 9 kHz and 150 kHz 102 B.2.1 General . 102 B.2.2 Data collection results . 103 B.2.3 Conclusions . 105 Bibliography 107 PD IEC/TS 62578:2015IEC TS 62578:2015 IEC 2015 5 Figure 1 AIC in VSC topology, basic structure 19 Figure 2 AIC in CSC topology, basic structure . 19 Figure 3 Equivalent
28、 circuit for the interaction of the power supply network with an AIC 20 Figure 4 Voltage and current vectors of line and converter at fundamental frequency for different load conditions . 23 Figure 5 The basic issues of EMC as tools of economics . 24 Figure 6 Typical power supply network current i L
29、 (t) and voltage u LN (t) of a phase controlled converter with d.c. output and inductive smoothing . 26 Figure 7 Typical power supply network current i L (t) and voltage u LN (t) of an uncontrolled converter with d.c. output and capacitive smoothing . 26 Figure 8 Typical power supply network current
30、 i L (t) and voltage u LN (t) of an AIC realized by a PWM Converter with capacitive smoothing without additional filters . 26 Figure 9 Example of attainable active and reactive power of the AIC (VSC-type) at different line to line voltages in per unit (with 10 % combined transformer and filter induc
31、tor short-circuit voltage, X/R ratio = 10/1, d.c. voltage = 6,5 kV) . 27 Figure 10 Principle of compensating given harmonics in the power supply system by using an AIC and suitable control simultaneously 28 Figure 11 Typical Voltage Distortion in the Line-to-Line and Line-to-Neutral Voltage generate
32、d by an AIC without additional filters (u in % and t in degrees) 29 Figure 12 Basic characteristic of the relative voltage distortion (59th harmonic) of one AIC operated at a pulse frequency of 3 kHz versus R SCewith the line impedance according to 5.2.4 . 30 Figure 13 Basic characteristic of the re
33、lative current emission (59th harmonic) of one AIC at a pulse frequency of 3 kHz versus R SCewith the line impedance according to 5.2.4 . 31 Figure 14 Single phase electric circuit of the three commonly used differential mode passive line filter topologies for VSC and one example for passive damping
34、 . 31 Figure 15 Example of the attenuation of the VSC line to line voltage to the line to line voltage at the IPC with state of the art differential mode passive line filter topologies . 32 Figure 16 Connection of the power supply network impedance measurement equipment . 33 Figure 17 Example of the
35、 measured impedance of a low-voltage transformer under no load condition S = 630 kVA, u k= 6,08 % 34 Figure 18 Measured variation of the power supply network impedance over the course of a day at one location . 34 Figure 19 Power supply network impedance with partly negative imaginary part 35 Figure
36、 20 Distribution of power system impedance (measured between phase and neutral conductor) in low-voltage systems versus frequency . 35 Figure 21 Statistical distribution of positive-sequence impedance versus frequency in low-voltage power supply networks . 37 Figure 22 Equivalent circuit describing
37、the power supply network impedance 38 Figure 23 Circuit topology for power system simulation 38 Figure 24 Approximated and measured 50 % impedance curve 39 Figure 25 Single phase circuit topology according to IEC 61000-4-7+ used for line impedance stabilisation network . 40 Figure 26 Three-phase cir
38、cuit topology for the line impedance stabilisation network 41 Figure 27 Impedance variation in the 90 % curve of the LISN described in Figure 26 . 41 Figure 28 PDS with large d.c. capacitance . 43 PD IEC/TS 62578:2015 6 IEC TS 62578:2015 IEC 2015 Figure 29 PDS with large capacitance and line inducto
39、r . 43 Figure 30 PDS with a large d.c. capacitance and inductors in the d.c. link . 43 Figure 31 Basic EMI filter topology . 45 Figure 32 Block diagram of a PDS with high frequency EMI filter system . 45 Figure 33 Basic illustration of a topology of a two level PWM voltage source AIC. 47 Figure 34 T
40、ypical waveforms of voltages u S1N/ U LN, 1and voltage u S12/ U LN, 1at pulse frequency of 4 kHz. 48 Figure 35 Typical waveforms of the common mode voltage u CM / U LN,1at pulse frequency of 4 kHz. Power supply frequency is 50Hz 48 Figure 36 Waveform of the current i L1/ I equat pulse frequency of 4
41、 kHz, relative impedance of u SCV,equ= 6 % 49 Figure 37 Block diagram of a two level PWM AIC . 49 Figure 38 Distortion of the current i L1of reactance X equ , pulse frequency: 4 kHz, relative reactance of u SCV,equ = 6 % . 51 Figure 39 Typical voltages u L1N/ U LN, 1and u L12/ U LN, 1at pulse freque
42、ncy of 4 kHz, relative reactance u SCV,equ= 6 %, R SCe = 100 51 Figure 40 Basic topology of a three level AIC. For a Power Drive System (PDS) the same topology may be used also on the load side 52 Figure 41 Typical curve shape of the phase-to-phase voltage of a three level PWM converter 53 Figure 42
43、 Example of a sudden load change of a 13 MW three level converter where the current control achieves a response time within 5 ms 54 Figure 43 Typical topology of a flying capacitor (FC) four level AIC using IGBTs 55 Figure 44 Typical curve shape of the phase-to-phase voltage of a multi-(four)- level
44、 AIC . 56 Figure 45 Distorting frequencies and amplitudes in the line voltage (measured directly at the bridge terminals in Figure 25 and the line current of a multilevel (four) AIC (transformer with 10 % short-circuit voltage) 57 Figure 46 Topology of a F3E AIC . 58 Figure 47 Line side filter and e
45、quivalent circuit for the F3E-converter behaviour for the power supply network . 59 Figure 48 Current transfer function together with R SCe= 100 and R SCe= 750 and a line side filter: G(f) = i L1 / i conv. 59 Figure 49 PWM voltage distortion over power supply network impedance for F3E- infeed includ
46、ing power supply network side filter . 60 Figure 50 Input current spectrum of a 75kW-F3E-converter 61 Figure 51 Harmonic spectrum of the input current of an F3E-converter with R SCe= 100 . 61 Figure 52 An illustration of a distortion effect caused by a single phase converter with capacitive load 62
47、Figure 53 a.c. to a.c. AIC pulse chopper, basic circuit 63 Figure 54 Illustration of a converter topology for a current source AIC . 65 Figure 55 Typical waveforms of currents and voltages of a current source AIC with high switching frequency . 66 Figure 56 Typical block diagram of a current source
48、PWM AIC 67 Figure 57 Current source AIC used as an active filter to compensate the harmonic currents generated by a nonlinear load . 67 Figure 58 Step response (reference value and actual value) of current source AIC with low switching frequency 33 68 PD IEC/TS 62578:2015IEC TS 62578:2015 IEC 2015 7
49、 Figure A.1 Principle sketch for combined voltage- and current-injecting modulation example for phase leg R . 71 Figure A.2 Example for controlled phase current during a voltage dip at the power supply network using hysteresis plus PWM control . 72 Figure A.3 Typical waveforms of electrical power supply network current and voltage for a current source AIC with low switching frequency 33 72 Figure A.4
