1、BSI Standards Publication Geographic information Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors and data Part 2: Lidar PD ISO/TS 19159-2:2016National foreword This Published Document is the UK implementation of ISO/TS 19159-2:2016. The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted
2、to Technical Committee IST/36, Geographic information. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to its secretary. This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. The Br
3、itish Standards Institution 2016. Published by BSI Standards Limited 2016 ISBN 978 0 580 85110 0 ICS 35.240.70 Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. This Published Document was published under the authority of the Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on
4、 31 May 2016. Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication Date Text affected PUBLISHED DOCUMENT PD ISO/TS 19159-2:2016 ISO 2016 Geographic information Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors and data Part 2: Lidar Information gographique Calibration et validation de capteurs
5、de tldtection Partie 2: Lidar TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19159-2 Reference number ISO/TS 19159-2:2016(E) First edition 2016-04-15 PD ISO/TS 19159-2:2016 ISO/TS 19159-2:2016(E)ii ISO 2016 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unle
6、ss otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the a
7、ddress below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. de Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org PD ISO/TS 19159-2:2016 ISO/TS 19159-2:2016(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Sco
8、pe . 1 2 Conformance . 1 3 Normative references 1 4 T erms and definitions . 1 5 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 9 5.1 Abbreviated terms . 9 5.2 Symbols 10 5.3 Conventions 10 6 Calibration .10 6.1 Project 10 6.2 Coordinate Reference Systems .11 6.2.1 General.11 6.2.2 Sensor frame s 13 6.2.3 Body fra
9、me b 13 6.2.4 Earth-centred, earth-fixed e 14 6.2.5 Mapping frame m .16 6.3 Transformations .16 6.3.1 General.16 6.3.2 Airborne laser scanner observation equation .17 6.3.3 Strip adjustment 18 6.4 Intensity .18 6.5 Error model.18 6.5.1 General.18 6.5.2 Trajectory positioning and orientation .19 6.5.
10、3 Boresight error and misalignment matrix 19 6.5.4 Lever-arm 20 6.5.5 Scanner 20 6.5.6 Scanner assembly error 20 6.6 In-flight calibration 20 6.7 Residual strip errors .22 6.8 Validation 22 Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .23 Annex B (normative) Data dictionary 25 Annex C (informative) Rotat
11、ions .30 Bibliography .32 ISO 2016 All rights reserved iii Contents Page PD ISO/TS 19159-2:2016 ISO/TS 19159-2:2016(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Sta
12、ndards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also
13、take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In
14、 particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the element
15、s of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (
16、see www.iso.org/patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adheren
17、ce to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 211 Geographic information/Geomatics. ISO/TS 19159 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic i
18、nformation Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors and data: Part 1: Optical sensors Technical Specification Part 2: Lidar Technical Specification The following parts are planned: Part 3: SAR/InSAR Part 4: SONARiv ISO 2016 All rights reserved PD ISO/TS 19159-2:2016 ISO/TS 19159-
19、2:2016(E) Introduction Imaging sensors are one of the major data sources for geographic information. The image data capture spatial and spectral measurements are applied for numerous applications ranging from road/town planning to geological mapping. Typical spatial outcomes of the production proces
20、s are vector maps, Digital Elevation Models, and 3-dimensional city models. There are typically two streams of spectral analysis data, i.e. the statistical method, which includes image segmentation and the physics-based method which relies on characterisation of specific spectral absorption features
21、. In each of the cases the quality of the end products fully depends on the quality of the measuring instruments that has originally sensed the data. The quality of measuring instruments is determined and documented by calibration. A calibration is often a costly and time consuming process. Therefor
22、e, a number of different strategies are in place that combine longer time intervals between subsequent calibrations with simplified intermediate calibration procedures that bridge the time gap and still guarantee a traceable level of quality. Those intermediate calibrations are called validations in
23、 this part of ISO/TS 19159. The ISO 19159 series standardizes the calibration of remote sensing imagery sensors and the validation of the calibration information and procedures. It does not address the validation of the data and the derived products. Many types of imagery sensors exist for remote se
24、nsing tasks. Apart from the different technologies the need for a standardization of the various sensor types has different levels of priority. In order to meet those requirements, the ISO 19159 series has been split into more than one part. This part of ISO/TS 19159 covers the airborne land lidar s
25、ensor (light detection and ranging). It includes the data capture and the calibration. The result of a lidar data capture is a lidar cloud according to the ISO 19156:2011. The bathymetric lidar is not included in the ISO 19159 series. ISO 19159-3 and ISO 19159-4 are planned to cover RADAR (Radio det
26、ection and ranging) with the subtopics SAR (Synthetic Aperture RADAR) and InSAR (Interferometric SAR) as well as SONAR (Sound detection and ranging) that is applied in hydrography. ISO 2016 All rights reserved v PD ISO/TS 19159-2:2016 Geographic information Calibration and validation of remote sensi
27、ng imagery sensors and data Part 2: Lidar 1 Scope This part of ISO/TS 19159 defines the data capture method, the relationships between the coordinate reference systems and their parameters, as well as the calibration of airborne lidar (light detection and ranging) sensors. This part of ISO/TS 19159
28、also standardizes the service metadata for the data capture method, the relationships between the coordinate reference systems and their parameters and the calibration procedures of airborne lidar systems as well as the associated data types and code lists that have not been defined in other ISO geo
29、graphic information international standards. 2 Conformance This part of ISO/TS 19159 standardizes the metadata for the data recording and the calibration procedures of airborne lidar systems as well as the associated data types and code lists. Therefore conformance depends on the type of entity decl
30、aring conformance. Mechanisms for the transfer of data are conformant to this part of ISO/TS 19159 if they can be considered to consist of transfer record and type definitions that implement or extend a consistent subset of the object types described within this part of ISO/TS 19159. Details of the
31、conformance classes are given in the Abstract test suite in Annex A. 3 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated reference
32、s, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/TS 19130:2010, Geographic information - Imagery sensor models for geopositioning ISO 19157:2013, Geographic information Data quality 4 T erms a nd definiti ons 4.1 absolute accuracy closeness of reported coordin
33、ate values to values accepted as or being true Note 1 to entry: Absolute accuracy is stated with respect to a defined datum (4.11) or reference system. Note 2 to entry: Absolute accuracy is also termed “external accuracy”. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19159-2:2016(E) ISO 2016 All rights reserved 1
34、 PD ISO/TS 19159-2:2016 ISO/TS 19159-2:2016(E) 4.2 attitude orientation of a body, described by the angles between the axes of that bodys coordinate system and the axes of an external coordinate system Note 1 to entry: In photogrammetry, the attitude is the angular orientation of a camera (roll, pit
35、ch, yaw), or of the photograph taken with that camera, with respect to some external reference system. With lidar (4.19) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperature Radar (IFSAR), the attitude is normally defined as the roll, pitch and heading of the instrument at the instant an active pulse is emitted
36、from the sensor (4.39). SOURCE: ISO 19116:2004, 4.2, modified Note 1 to entry has been added. 4.3 bare earth elevation height (4.16) of the natural terrain free from vegetation as well as buildings and other man-made structures 4.4 boresight calibration (4.6) of a lidar (4.19) sensor (4.36) system,
37、equipped with an Inertial Measurement (4.20) Unit (IMU) and a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), to accurately determine or establish its position and orientation Note 1 to entry: The position of the lidar sensor system (x, y, z) is determined with respect to the GNSS antenna. The orientatio
38、n (roll, pitch, heading) of the lidar sensor system is determined with respect to straight and level flight. 4.5 breakline linear feature that describes a change in the smoothness or continuity of a surface Note 1 to entry: A soft breakline ensures that known z-values along a linear feature are main
39、tained (for example, elevations along a pipeline, road centreline or drainage ditch), and ensures that linear features and polygon edges are maintained in a Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) (4.39) surface model, by enforcing the breaklines as TIN edges. They are generally synonymous with 3-D bre
40、aklines because they are depicted with series of x/y/z coordinates. Somewhat rounded ridges or the trough of a drain may be collected using soft breaklines. Note 2 to entry: A hard breakline defines interruptions in surface smoothness, for example, to define streams, shorelines, dams, ridges, buildi
41、ng footprints, and other locations with abrupt surface changes. 4.6 calibration process of quantitatively defining a systems responses to known, controlled signal inputs Note 1 to entry: A calibration is an operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between i
42、ndicationswith associated measurement (4.20) uncertainties and the physical quantity (4.30) values (with measurement uncertainties) provided by measurement standards. Note 2 to entry: Determining the systematic errors in a measuring device by comparing its measurements with the markings or measureme
43、nts of a device that is considered correct. Airborne sensors (4.36) can be calibrated geometrically and radiometrically. Note 3 to entry: An instrument calibration means the factory calibration includes radiometric and geometric calibration unique to each manufacturers hardware and tuned to meet the
44、 performance specifications for the model being calibrated. Instrument calibration can only be assessed and corrected by the factory. Note 4 to entry: The data calibration includes the lever-arm and boresight (4.4) calibration. It determines the sensor-to-GNSS-antenna offset vector (lever arm) (4.18
45、) components relative to the antenna phase centre. The offset vector components are re-determined each time the sensor or aircraft GNSS antenna is moved or repositioned in any way. Because normal aircraft operations can induce slight variations in component mounting, field calibration is normally pe
46、rformed for each project, or even daily, to determine corrections (4.9) to the roll, pitch, yaw, instrument mounting alignment error and scale calibration parameters. SOURCE: ISO/TS 19101-2:2008, 4.2, modified Notes 1 through 4 to entry have been added.2 ISO 2016 All rights reserved PD ISO/TS 19159-
47、2:2016 ISO/TS 19159-2:2016(E) 4.7 calibration validation process of assessing the validity of parameters Note 1 to entry: With respect to the general definition of validation (4.41) the “dataset validation” only refers to a small set of parameters (attribute values) such as the result of a sensor (4
48、.36) calibration (4.6). SOURCE: ISO/TS 19159-1:2014, 4.4 4.8 check point checkpoint point in object space (ground) used to estimate the positional accuracy (4.29) of a geospatial dataset against an independent source of greater accuracy 4.9 correction compensation for an estimated systematic effect
49、Note 1 to entry: See ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 3.2.3, for an explanation of systematic effect. Note 2 to entry: The compensation can take different forms, such as an addend or a factor, or can be deduced from a table. SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.53 4.10 datum parameter or set of parameters that define the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation of a coordinate system SOURCE: ISO 19111:2007, 4.14 4.11 digital elevation model DEM dataset of elevation values that are assigned al
