1、Recommended Practice for Laboratory Testing ofDrilling FluidsANSI/API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13IEIGHTH EDITION, MARCH 2009ISO 10416:2008 (Identical), Petroleum and natural gas industriesDrilling fluidsLaboratory testingSpecial NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. Wit
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10、 Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2009 American Petroleum InstituteAPI ForewordNothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or prod
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15、 may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and shou
16、ld be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiii Contents Page API Foreword ii Foreword . vii Introduction viii 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 2 4 Symbols and abbreviations 3 5 Barite . 6 5.1 Principle 6
17、 5.2 Reagents and apparatus . 6 5.3 Sampling . 7 5.4 Calculation of moisture content. 7 5.5 Sieve analysis 7 5.6 Sedimentation analysis . 8 6 Barite performance 12 6.1 Principle 12 6.2 Reagents and apparatus . 12 6.3 Base drilling fluid preparation 13 6.4 Rheology test . 13 6.5 Calculation . 14 7 Ab
18、rasiveness of weighting materials 14 7.1 Principle 14 7.2 Reagents and apparatus . 15 7.3 Determination of abrasion 15 8 Mercury in drilling fluid barite 17 8.1 Principle 17 8.2 Reagents and apparatus . 17 8.3 Preparation of standards 19 8.4 Sample digestion . 19 8.5 Check for recovery of Hg during
19、digestion 20 8.6 Analysis of standards and samples 20 8.7 Calculation . 20 9 Cadmium and lead in drilling fluid barite 21 9.1 Principle 21 9.2 Reagents and apparatus . 21 9.3 Preparation of combined cadmium and lead standards . 22 9.4 Sample digestion . 22 9.5 Analysis of standards and samples 22 9.
20、6 Calculation . 23 10 Arsenic in drilling fluid barite . 23 10.1 Principle 23 10.2 Reagents and apparatus . 24 10.3 Preparation of standards 25 10.4 Sample digestion . 25 10.5 Analysis of standards and samples 26 10.6 Calculation . 26 11 Bridging materials for regaining circulation . 26 11.1 Princip
21、le 26 iv 11.2 Apparatus 27 11.3 Preparation of test drilling fluid 27 11.4 Static slot test . 27 11.5 Dynamic slot test 28 11.6 Static marble bed test. 28 11.7 Dynamic marble bed test . 28 11.8 Static ball bearings (BB shot) bed test . 29 11.9 Dynamic ball bearings (BB shot) bed test . 29 12 Filtrat
22、ion-control agents. 29 12.1 Principle . 29 12.2 Reagents and apparatus 29 12.3 General instructions for preparation of base drilling fluids . 31 12.4 Salt-saturated drilling fluid 31 12.5 High-hardness, salt-saturated drilling fluid . 32 12.6 10 % potassium chloride (KCl) drilling fluid 32 12.7 Pre-
23、hydrated bentonite slurry . 33 12.8 Modified seawater drilling fluid . 33 12.9 Low-salinity drilling fluid . 33 12.10 Lime-treated drilling fluid . 34 12.11 Low solids, non-dispersed drilling fluid . 34 12.12 Freshwater lignosulfonate drilling fluid . 35 12.13 Initial performance test 35 12.14 Perfo
24、rmance after heat ageing 36 13 Methylene blue test for drilled solids and commerical bentonite . 36 13.1 Methylene blue capacity of drill solids . 36 13.2 Methylene blue capacity of commercial bentonite 39 13.3 Solids content . 40 14 Deflocculation test for thinner evaluation 41 14.1 Principle . 41
25、14.2 Reagents and apparatus 42 14.3 Procedure for moisture content 43 14.4 Calculation of moisture content 43 14.5 Preparation of drilling fluid base . 43 14.6 Calculation . 44 14.7 Determination of rheological properties 44 14.8 Calculation of thinner efficiency . 46 15 Testing base oils used in dr
26、illing fluids . 46 15.1 General . 46 15.2 Reagents and apparatus 46 15.3 Density, relative density (specific gravity), or API gravity-hydrometer method (see ISO 3675). 46 15.4 Density and relative density of liquids using a digital density meter (see ASTM D 4052) 47 15.5 Kinematic viscosity of trans
27、parent and opaque oils Calibrated capillary tube method (see ISO 3104) 47 15.6 Distillation (see ISO 3405) 47 15.7 Aniline point and mixed aniline point (see ISO 2977:1997) 48 15.8 Pour point (see ISO 3016) 48 15.9 Flash point by Pensky-Martens closed tester (see ISO 2719) 49 15.10 Aromatics content
28、 (see IP 391 or ASTM D 5186) 49 16 Potassium ion content Ion-selective electrode method. 50 16.1 Principle . 50 16.2 Reagents and apparatus 50 16.3 Preparation of electrodes 51 16.4 Operational check of electrode system 51 16.5 Measurements using a meter with direct concentration readout capability
29、52 16.6 Measurements with instruments that provide either a digital or an analogue readout in millivolts 52 17 Calcium ion content Ion-selective electrode method . 53 17.1 Principle . 53 17.2 Reagents and apparatus 53 v 17.3 Preparation of electrodes . 54 17.4 Operational check of electrode system 5
30、5 17.5 Measurements using a meter with direct concentration readout capability . 55 17.6 Measurements with instruments that provide either a digital or an analogue readout in millivolts . 55 18 Sodium ion content Ion-selective electrode method 56 18.1 Principle 56 18.2 Reagents and apparatus . 57 18
31、.3 Preparation and operational check of the electrode system 57 18.4 Measurements using a meter with a direct concentration-readout capability 58 18.5 Measurements using a meter with readout in millivolts . 58 19 Density of solids Stereopycnometer method 59 19.1 Principle 59 19.2 Apparatus . 59 19.3
32、 Procedure Stereopycnometer method . 59 19.4 Calculation Stereopycnometer method 60 20 Density of solids Air comparison pycnometer method 61 20.1 Principle 61 20.2 Apparatus . 61 20.3 Procedure Air comparison pycnometer method . 61 20.4 Calculation Air comparison pycnometer method 61 21 Ageing of wa
33、ter-based drilling fluids 62 21.1 Principle 62 21.2 Practices common to preparation, handling and testing over all temperature ranges . 62 21.3 Drilling fluid sample preparation and ageing at ambient temperature 63 21.4 Drilling fluid ageing at moderate temperatures ambient to 65 C (150 F) 64 21.5 D
34、rilling fluid ageing at substantially elevated temperatures over 65 C (150 F) . 66 21.6 Inertness and chemical compatibility in high-temperature ageing cells . 68 21.7 Obtaining supplies and services for the ageing of drilling fluid samples . 69 22 Ageing of oil-based drilling fluids 69 22.1 Princip
35、le 69 22.2 Apparatus . 70 22.3 Practices common to preparation, handling and testing over all temperature ranges . 71 22.4 Drilling fluid ageing at ambient temperatures 72 22.5 Drilling fluid ageing at moderate temperatures ambient to 65 C (150 F) 73 22.6 Drilling fluid ageing at substantially eleva
36、ted temperatures over 65 C (150 F) . 74 22.7 Inertness and chemical compatibility in high-temperature ageing cells . 75 22.8 Obtaining supplies and services for the ageing of drilling fluid samples . 76 23 Shale-particle disintegration test by hot rolling . 76 23.1 Principle 76 23.2 Reagents and app
37、aratus . 77 23.3 Procedure . 77 23.4 Calculation . 78 24 Drilling fluid materials High-viscosity polyanionic cellulose (PAC-HV) (regular) 79 24.1 Principle 79 24.2 Determination of moisture content 79 24.3 Procedures with test fluid containing PAC-HV 80 25 Drilling fluid materials Low-viscosity poly
38、anionic cellulose (PAC-LV) . 82 25.1 Principle 82 25.2 Determination of moisture content 83 25.3 Procedures with test fluid containing PAC-LV . 83 26 Preparation and evaluation of invert-emulsion drilling fluids 86 26.1 Principle 86 26.2 Reagents and apparatus . 86 26.3 Mixing of the initial drillin
39、g fluid 87 26.4 Testing the properties of the initial drilling fluid 88 26.5 Preparation of the sample contaminated by seawater 88 vi 26.6 Preparation of the sample contaminated by base evaluation clay 89 26.7 Preparation of the sample contaminated by mixed-salt brine . 89 26.8 Procedure for hot-rol
40、ling . 89 26.9 Procedure for static ageing . 89 26.10 Procedure for testing after heat ageing 90 27 High-temperature/high-pressure filtration testing of drilling fluids using the permeability plugging apparatus and cells with set-screw-secured end caps 90 27.1 Principle . 90 27.2 Safety consideratio
41、ns. 90 27.3 Apparatus Permeability-plugging apparatus (PPA) with set-screw-secured end caps 92 27.4 Procedure for high-temperature/high-pressure (HTHP) filtration 94 27.5 Test conclusion and disassembly 97 27.6 Data reporting . 99 28 High-temperature/high-pressure filtration testing of drilling flui
42、ds using the permeability-plugging apparatus and cells with threaded end caps . 100 28.1 Principle . 100 28.2 Safety considerations. 100 28.3 Apparatus Permeability-plugging apparatus (PPA) with threaded end caps 102 28.4 Procedure for high-temperature/high-pressure (HTHP) filtration 104 28.5 Test c
43、onclusion and disassembly 106 28.6 Data reporting . 108 Bibliography . 110 vii Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through I
44、SO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates
45、closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards.
46、Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this d
47、ocument may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 10416 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC
48、 3, Drilling and completion fluids, and well cements. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10416:2002), which has been technically revised. viii Introduction This International Standard, which establishes testing methodologies for drilling fluid materials, is based on API
49、RP 13I, seventh edition/ISO 10416:2002 2. This International Standard was developed in response to a demand for more exacting testing methodologies. The tests contained herein were developed over several years by a group of industry experts and were identified as being those which can yield reproducible and accurate results. The tests are anticipated to be performed in a laboratory setting, but can be applicable in a field situation with more rigorous apparatus and conditions than normally found in a drilling fluid field-test kit. These test
