1、Underbalanced Drilling OperationsAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 92UFIRST EDITION, NOVEMBER 2008REAFFIRMED, APRIL 2013ADDENDUM, NOVEMBER 2015Underbalanced Drilling OperationsUpstream SegmentAPI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 92UFIRST EDITION, NOVEMBER 2008REAFFIRMED, APRIL 2015ADDENDUM, NOVEMBER 2015Special NotesAPI
2、 publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or represen
3、tation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of API
4、s employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.Users of this recommended practice should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this document. Sound business, scientific, engineering, an
5、d safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by API to assure the accuracy and reliability of data contained in this publication. However, the Institute makes no representation, wa
6、rranty, or guarantee in connection with publication of these recommended practices and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from use or applications hereunder or for violation of any federal, state, or local regulations with which the contents may c
7、onflict. Users of recommendations set forth herein are reminded that constantly developing technology and specialized or limited operations do not permit complete coverage of all operations and alternatives. Recommendations presented herein are not intended to inhibit developing technology and equip
8、ment improvements or improved operating procedures. These recommended practices are not intended to obviate the need for qualified engineering and operations analyses and sound judgments as to when and where these recommended practices should be utilized to fit a specific underbalanced drilling appl
9、ication.Recommendations presented in this publication are based on this extensive and wide-ranging industry experience. The goal of these recommended practices is to assist the oil and gas industry in promoting personnel safety, public safety, integrity of the underbalanced drilling equipment, and p
10、reservation of the environment for land and offshore underbalanced drilling operations and these recommended practices are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. This publication does not present all of the operating practices that can be
11、 employed to successfully conduct underbalanced drilling operations. Practices set forth herein are considered acceptable for accomplishing the job as described; however, equivalent alternative installations and practices may be utilized to accomplish the same objectives. The formulation and publica
12、tion of API recommended practices is not intended, in any way, to inhibit anyone from using other practices. Furthermore, individuals and organizations using these recommended practices are cautioned that underbalanced drilling operations must comply with requirements of applicable federal, state, o
13、r local regulations and these requirements should be reviewed to determine whether violations may occur. Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformance with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that st
14、andard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard.All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other
15、wise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Copyright 2008 American Petroleum InstituteForewordThese guidelines (recommended practices), prepared by the IADC Underbalanced Operations and Manage
16、d Pressure Drilling Committee consisting of representatives from various IADC member companies, represent a composite of the practices employed by various operating companies, service companies and drilling contractors in underbalanced drilling operations. In some cases, a reconciled composite of th
17、e various practices employed by these companies was utilized. The Committee acknowledges the Canadian Association of Drilling Contractors (CAODC), the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), Petroleum Services Association of Canada (PSAC) and the Alberta Energy Utilities Board (AEUB), an
18、d in particular the Drilling and Completions Committee (DACC) for their effort in developing guidelines related to underbalanced drilling in the Canadian environment, which are the basis for this document. This publication is under the jurisdiction of the American Petroleum Institute, Upstream Segme
19、nts Executive Committee on Drilling and Production Operations. Underbalanced drilling is used globally on new wells and to deepen or side-track from existing well bores. Underbalanced drilling operations are being conducted with full regard for personnel safety, public safety, and preservation of th
20、e environment in such diverse conditions as urban sites, wilderness areas, ocean platforms, deepwater sites, very hot barren deserts, cold weather areas including the arctic environment and wildlife refuges. As tools and equipment continually improve and develop, the technology has been applied in m
21、any geological formations including oil and gas reservoirs and on sour wells thus driving the need for globally accepted standards and safe operating practices. Furthermore, this publication includes use of the verbs “shall” and “should” whichever is deemed the most applicable for the specific situa
22、tion. For the purposes of this publication, the following definitions are applicable:Shall: As used in a standard, “shall” denotes a minimum requirement in order to conform to the specification.Should: As used in a standard, “should” denotes a recommendation or that which is advised but not required
23、 in order to conform to the specification. Changes in the uses of these verbs are not to be effected without risk of changing the intent of recommendations set forth herein. Recognizing the varying complexity and risk associated with drilling wells classified as IADC Level 1 as compared to IADC Leve
24、l 4 or 5, this document is prepared from the perspective of an IADC Level 1 or 2 well. Therefore, the end-user is advised to replace the verb “should” with “shall” for wells classified as IADC Level 4 or 5.Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implicat
25、ion or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.This document was produced under API standardi
26、zation procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was
27、developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director.Generally, API
28、standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications a
29、nd materials is published annually by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiContentsPage1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
31、.2 Well Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 Blowout Preventer (BOP) Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32、. . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 Installation of Underbalanced Drilling Control Devices (UBD-CDs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.5 Equipment Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、. . . . . . . 11.6 Extreme Temperature Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 Control System Accumulator Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、. . . . . . . . . 22 Referenced Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Definitions/Abbreviations and Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.2 Technical Feasibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.3 Rig Equipment
38、Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.4 Safety Studies and Reviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
39、4.5 Project Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.6 Emergency Response Plan (ERP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、 . . . . . . . . 194.7 Underbalanced Drilling Operations Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Well Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.2 Control Objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
42、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205.3 Well Control Event Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.4 Well Control Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215.5 Kill Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225.6 Kill Weight Fluid. . . .
44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245.7 Assignment of Duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45、 245.8 BOP and Wellhead Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245.9 Internal Drill String Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、 . . . . . . 266 Return Flow Process Control Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276.2 Return Flow Process Control System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276.3 Equipment Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376.4 Elastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.5 Inspection and TestingCritical Sour Wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Drill String. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407.2 Gaseous Fluid Injection via Drill Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407.3 General RequirementsDrill Pipe. . . .
