1、ACI 440.8-13Specification for Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Materials Made by Wet Layup for External Strengthening of Concrete and Masonry StructuresAn ACI StandardReported by ACI Committee 440First PrintingJanuary 2014Specification for Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FR
2、P) Materials Made by Wet Layup for External Strengthening of Concrete and Masonry StructuresCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other
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11、M, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone:
12、248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgISBN: 978-0-87031-864-1American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeThis material specification covers the requirements for carbon and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) systems made by the wet layup process. These systems are externally bonde
13、d to concrete or masonry structures and intended for the structural strengthening of them.Keywords: carbon fiber; fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP); glass fiber; masonry; wet layup.CONTENTS1SCOPE, p. 22DEFINITIONS, p. 23REFERENCED STANDARDS, p. 24CLASSIFICIATION, p. 2Carol K. Shield*, Chair William J.
14、Gold*, SecretaryACI 440.8-13Specification for Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Materials Made by Wet Layup for External Strengthening of Concrete and Masonry StructuresAn ACI StandardReported by ACI Committee 440Tarek AlkhrdajiCharles E. Bakis*Lawrence C. BankAbdeldjelil BelarbiBrahim
15、 BenmokraneLuke A. BisbyGregg J. Blaszak*Hakim BouadiTimothy E. BradberryGordon L. Brown Jr.Vicki L. BrownJohn P. BuselRaafat El-HachaGarth J. FallisAmir Z. FamNabil F. GraceMark F. GreenZareh B. GregorianDoug D. GremelShawn P. GrossH. R. Trey Hamilton IIIIssam E. HarikKent A. HarriesMark P. Henders
16、onBohdan N. HoreczkoMichael W. LeeMaria E. Lopez de MurphyIbrahim M. MahfouzAmir MirmiranJohn J. MyersAntonio Nanni*Ayman M. OkeilCarlos E. OspinaRenato ParrettiMax L. PorterAndrea ProtaHayder A. RasheedSami H. RizkallaRajan SenRudolf SeracinoPedro F. SilvaKhaled A. SoudkiSamuel A. Steere IIIJay Tho
17、masHoussam A. ToutanjiJ. Gustavo TumialanMilan VatovecDavid WhiteSarah E. WittConsulting membersP. N. BalaguruCraig A. BallingerHarald G. F. BudelmannC. J. BurgoyneElliot P. DouglasRami M. ElhassanDavid M. GaleRussell GentryArie GerritseSrinivasa L. IyerKoichi KishitaniHoward S. KligerKyuichi Maruya
18、maAntoine E. NaamanHajime OkamuraMark A. PostmaFerdinand S. RostasySurendra P. ShahMohsen ShahawyYasuhisa SonobeMinoru SugitaLuc R. TaerweRalejs TepfersTaketo UomotoPaul Zia_*Contributing authors.Task Group Chair.ACI 440.8 was adopted November 29, 2013 and published January 2014.Copyright 2014, Amer
19、ican Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any kn
20、owledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.15MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE, p. 36PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, p. 37MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, p. 38DURABILITY PROPERTIES, p. 39SAMPLING, FREQUENCY, AND NUMBER OF SPECIMENS, p. 310PRODUCT DATA SHEETS,
21、p. 41SCOPE1.1 This specification describes permitted constituent materials, minimum performance requirements of those constituent materials, and minimum performance require-ments for carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) laminae made from those constituent
22、materials using the wet layup process.1.2 This specification only covers the fabric reinforcement and saturating resin that comprise the FRP system. Primers and putty fillers are excluded.1.3 This specification applies to FRP laminae consisting of one ply of continuous, unidirectional fiber reinforc
23、ement and saturating resin fabricated using the wet layup process. Laminae with fibers in more than one direction that are intended to provide strength in more than one direction are excluded.1.4 Precured FRP systems are not covered by this specification.1.5 Hybrid FRP systems consisting of more tha
24、n one type of fiber are excluded.1.6 Only FRP laminae with epoxy resins are covered by this specification.1.7 Values in this specification are stated in in.-lb units. A companion specification in SI units is available.2DEFINITIONS2.1 The following definitions govern in this specifica-tion. For defin
25、itions not given below, refer to “ACI Concrete Terminology,” www.concrete.org/Tools/ConcreteTermi-nology.aspx. For definitions used in but not specific to this specification, refer to ASTM C904.fabric reinforcementreinforcing fibers in fabric form.fiber-reinforced polymer laminaa single layer of com
26、posite material made by combining fabric reinforcement and saturating resin matrix.fiber-reinforced polymer systemthe product fabri-cated using the wet layup method with the FRP system manufacturers fiber reinforcement and saturating resin per the FRP system manufacturers instructions.mean propertya
27、 property value provided by the manu -facturer no greater than the mean of results obtained by a specified test method for at least the specified number of specimens. DiscussionThis value is applicable to FRP chord tensile stiffness, resin properties, and for calculating retention values for durabil
28、ity.plya single layer of fiber reinforcement.rovinga parallel bundle of continuous yarns, tows, or fibers with little or no twist.towan untwisted bundle of continuous filaments.ultimate propertya property value provided by the manufacturer no greater than the mean minus three standard deviations of
29、results obtained by a specified test method for at least the specified number of specimens. DiscussionThis definition is applicable to maximum tensile force.wet layupa manufacturing process where dry fabric fiber reinforcement is impregnated on-site with a saturating resin matrix and then cured in-p
30、lace.3REFERENCED STANDARDS3.1 ASTM InternationalC581-03(2008)Standard Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Structures Intended for Liquid ServiceC904-01(2012)Standard Terminology Relating to Chemical-Resistant Nonmetallic MaterialsD638-1
31、0Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD790-10Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insu-lating MaterialsD1141-98(2013)Standard Practice for the Preparation of Substitute Ocean WaterD2247-11Standard Practice for Testing
32、Water Resis-tance of Coatings in 100% Relative HumidityD3045-92(2010)Standard Practice for Heat Aging of Plastics Without LoadD3776/D3776M-09a(2013)Standard Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of FabricD7565/D7565M-10Standard Test Method for Deter -mining Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinfor
33、ced Polymer Matrix Composites Used for Strengthening of Civil StructuresE1640-13Standard Test Method for Assignment of the Glass Transition Temperature by Dynamic Mechanical AnalysisG153-13Standard Practice for Operating Enclosed Carbon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials.3.2 I
34、nternational Code CouncilEvaluation Service (ICC-ES)AC125Acceptance Criteria for Concrete and Reinforced and Unreinforced Masonry Strengthening Using Exter-nally Bonded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composite Systems4CLASSIFICIATION4.1 Fiber-reinforced polymer systems shall be classified according
35、to their fiber reinforcement composition with the first letter of the acronym designating fiber type as follows:a) CFRPCarbon fiber-reinforced polymer systems;b) GFRPGlass fiber-reinforced polymer systemsAmerican Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.org2 SPECIFICATION FOR CFRP AND GFR
36、P MATERIALS MADE BY WET LAYUP (ACI 440.8-13)5MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURE5.1 Fiber reinforcement5.1.1 Fiber reinforcement shall be arranged in a usable form as either continuous glass fiber rovings or carbon fiber tows of a single size and areal weight.5.1.2 Rovings or tows shall be assembled by the fa
37、bric manufacturer into fabric reinforcement such that the rovings or tows are aligned in a single direction along the fabric length. Fiber of any material running at an angle to the rovings or tows is permitted to hold the fabric together.5.2 Resin5.2.1 Only epoxy resins shall be used for the satura
38、ting resin.5.2.2 Resins shall not be diluted with organic solvents such as thinner.6PHYSICAL PROPERTIES6.1 Glass transition temperature6.1.1 Glass transition temperature of the FRP lamina shall be determined from specimens at a frequency defined in 9.1.6.1.2 The glass transition temperature of the F
39、RP lamina shall not be less than 140F. The glass transition tempera-ture shall be measured according to the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) method in ASTM E1640 on a coupon cut from panels produced in accordance with ASTM D7565/D7565M. Manufacturer shall report any pretreatments used.6.2 Areal wei
40、ght6.2.1 Areal weight of dry fabric shall be determined from specimens at a frequency defined in 9.1.6.2.2 The areal weight of dry fabric shall be determined by measuring the mass per unit area according to ASTM D3776/D3776M Option C and reported in oz/yd2.7MECHANICAL PROPERTIES7.1 Mechanical proper
41、ties of saturating resins7.1.1 Mechanical properties of the saturating resins shall be determined from specimens at a frequency defined in 9.2.7.1.2 Saturating resin shall conform to the requirements for mechanical properties shown in Table 7.1.2.7.2 Mechanical properties of FRP laminaMechanical pro
42、perties of the FRP lamina shall be determined in accor-dance with ASTM D7565/D7565M on specimens taken from test panels. All properties shall be reported on a per ply basis.7.2.1 Ultimate tensile force per unit widthThe ulti-mate tensile force per unit width shall be determined at a frequency define
43、d in 9.3. The ultimate tensile force per unit width shall be divided by the areal weight of the dry fabric as determined in 6.2 and conform to the requirements shown in Table 7.2.1.7.2.2 Chord tensile stiffness per unit widthThe mean chord tensile stiffness per unit width shall be determined at a fr
44、equency defined in 9.3. The chord tensile stiffness per unit width shall be divided by the areal weight of the dry fabric as determined in 6.2, and conform to the requirements shown in Table 7.2.1.7.2.3 Ultimate rupture strainThe ultimate rupture strain shall be calculated as the ultimate tensile fo
45、rce per unit width divided by the mean chord tensile stiffness per unit width.8DURABILITY PROPERTIES8.1 FRP laminaThe FRP lamina shall conform to the retained tensile force per unit width requirements shown in Table 8.1 for the given environmental exposure conditions. The mean tensile force per unit
46、 width shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D7565/D7565M. Mean values of test results for the unexposed and exposed specimens, tested at a frequency defined in 9.4, shall be used to calculate percent retention of tensile strength.9SAMPLING, FREQUENCY, AND NUMBER OF SPECIMENS9.1 Physical prope
47、rties9.1.1 For determining areal weight, at least five specimens shall be tested from five fabric samples.9.1.2 For determining glass transition temperature, at least five specimens shall be tested from five FRP single- or double-ply lamina panels made in accordance with ASTM D7565/D7565M. At least
48、one specimen for each test shall be taken from each of the five panels.9.1.3 Tests for physical properties shall be performed at least once every three years for each product and when the constituent materials are modified.9.2 Mechanical properties of saturating resins9.2.1 Each mechanical property
49、shall be determined as the mean value of test results from at least five specimens.9.2.2 Tests shall be performed at least once for each resin product and when the constituent materials are modified.9.3 Mechanical properties of FRP lamina9.3.1 For the determination of tensile stiffness and ulti-mate force, at least 20 specimens shall be tested from four FRP single- or double-ply lamina panels made in accordance with ASTM D7565/D7565M. At least five specimens shall be taken from each of the four panels. Te
