1、Standard Specification for Porous Concrete Pipe AASHTO Designation: M 176M/M 176-07 (2012)1ASTM Designation: C 654M-05a and C 654-05a American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-4a M 176M/M 176-1 AASHTO Standar
2、d Specification for Porous Concrete Pipe AASHTO Designation: M 176M/M 176-07 (2012)1ASTM Designation: C 654M-05a and C 654-05a 1. SCOPE 1.1. This specification covers porous nonreinforced concrete pipe for use in underdrains. 1.2. This specification is applicable for orders in either SI units (M 176
3、M) or in inch-pound units (M 176). SI units and inch-pound units are not necessarily equivalent. Inch-pound units are shown in brackets in the text for clarity, but they are the applicable values when the material is ordered to M 176. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 6, Fine Aggregat
4、e for Hydraulic Cement Concrete M 80, Coarse Aggregate for Hydraulic Cement Concrete M 85, Portland Cement M 154M/M 154, Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete M 240M/M 240, Blended Hydraulic Cement M 262, Concrete Pipe and Related Products M 295, Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan fo
5、r Use in Concrete M 302, Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars T 280, Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile 2.2. ASTM Standard: C 989, Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars C 1116/C 1116M, Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete 3. TERMINOLOGY 3
6、.1. DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see M 262. 4. CLASSIFICATION 4.1. Pipe manufactured according to this specification shall be of two classes identified as “Standard-Strength Porous Nonreinforced Concrete Pipe” and “Extra-Strength Porous Nonreinforced Concrete Pipe.”
7、 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 176M/M 176-2 AASHTO 5. BASIS OF ACCEPTANCE 5.1. The acceptability of the pipe shall be determined by the results of the strength and porosity or r
8、ate of infiltration tests, and by inspection to determine whether the pipe conform to this specification as to design and freedom from defects. 5.2. The pipe shall be acceptable under the strength tests when they have met the requirements as prescribed in Section 10. 5.3. Acceptance as to Infiltrati
9、on PropertiesPipe shall be acceptable under the infiltration test when all test pipe conform to the test requirements as prescribed in Section 10. 6. MATERIALS 6.1. ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, aggregates, and water. 6.2. Cementitious Materials: 6.2.1. CementCement s
10、hall conform to the requirements of M 85 or shall be portland blast-furnace slag cement or slag modified portland cement, or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements of M 240M/M 240, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly ash and shal
11、l not exceed 25 percent by weight. 6.2.2. Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements of M 295, Class F or Class C. 6.2.3. Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of grade 100 or 120 of ASTM C 989. 6.2.4. Allowable Combinations of Cementitious Materia
12、lsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete shall be one of the following: 6.2.4.1. Portland cement only, 6.2.4.2. Portland blast-furnace slag cement only, 6.2.4.3. Slag modified portland cement only, 6.2.4.4. Portland-pozzolan cement only, 6.2.4.5. A combination of portland cem
13、ent and fly ash, 6.2.4.6. A combination of portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, or 6.2.4.7. A combination of portland cement, fly ash (not to exceed 25 percent of the total cementitious weight), and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25 percent of the total ceme
14、ntitious weight). Note 1The user of this specification is advised that porous pipe may experience leaching detrimental to durability when subjected to drainage of soft or acid waters (less than 50 ppm hardness or less than 6.0 pH). Type V portland cement should be specified where high sulfate resist
15、ance is required, and Type II or IIA portland cement should be specified where the pipe will be exposed to moderate sulfate conditions. More than 3000 mg/L ppm of chiefly sodium or magnesium sulfates, or both, may be considered high sulfate content. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway
16、and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 176M/M 176-3 AASHTO 6.3. AggregatesAggregates shall conform to M 6 and M 80 except that the requirement for gradation shall not apply. 6.4. Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shall only be
17、used with the approval of the owner. 6.5. Synthetic FibersPolypropylene fibers are permitted, at the owners option, in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufactured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to the requirements
18、 of ASTM C 1116/C 1116M shall be accepted. 7. DESIGN 7.1. Design TableDesign requirements shall be in accordance with Tables 1 and 2 and Figure 1. Wall thickness used shall be not less than the value shown, except as affected by the tolerance herein specified. Table 1Physical and Dimensional Require
19、ments of Porous Concrete Pipe Internal Designated Diameter, D Minimum Wall Thickness, T Minimum Laying LengthaMinimum Socket Depth, Ls Minimum Strength Three- Edge-Bearing Minimum Infiltration mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. kN/m lbf/ft (L/s)/m (gal/min)/ft 100 4 25 1 600 24 25 1 14.5 1000 0.8 4 150 6 2
20、5 1 600 24 25 1 16.0 1100 1.0 6 200 8 32 11/4 600 24 32 11/419.0 1300 1.5 8 250 10 35 11/8600 24 35 11/820.5 1400 2.0 10 300 12 38 11/2600 24 38 11/222.0 1500 2.5 12 375 15 44 13/4600 24 44 13/425.5 1750 3.0 15 450 18 50 2 600 24 50 2 29.0 2000 3.5 18 525 21 57 21/4600 24 57 21/432.0 2200 4.0 21 600
21、 24 63 21/2600 24 63 21/235.0 2400 4.5 24 aNormally, the minimum laying length is 600 mm 24 in. in length, but if the owner has no objections, then 450-mm 18-in. length pipe up to 300 mm 12 in. in diameter shall be acceptable. Table 2Physical and Dimensional Requirements of Extra-Strength Porous Con
22、crete Pipe Internal Designated Diameter, D Minimum Wall Thickness, T Minimum Laying LengthaMinimum Socket Depth, Ls Minimum Strength Three- Edge-Bearing Minimum Infiltration mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. kN/m lbf/ft (L/s)/m (gal/min)/ft 150 6 32 11/4600 24 32 11/432.0 2200 1.0 6 200 8 38 11/2600 24 38
23、 11/238.0 2600 1.5 8 250 10 41 15/8600 24 41 15/841.0 2800 2.0 10 300 12 50 2 600 24 50 2 44.0 3000 2.5 12 375 15 57 21/4600 24 57 21/446.5 3200 3.0 15 450 18 63 21/2600 24 63 21/246.5 3200 3.5 18 a Normally, the minimum laying length is 600 mm 24 in. in length, but if the owner has no objections, t
24、hen 450-mm 18-in. length pipe up to 300 mm 12 in. in diameter shall be acceptable. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 176M/M 176-4 AASHTO Note: See Tables 1 and 2 for values of D, T,
25、 and Ls. Figure 1Joint Dimensions 8. JOINTS 8.1. The joints shall be of such design and the ends of the concrete pipe sections so formed that the pipe can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe compatible with the permissible variations given in Section 7. 9. MANUFACTURE 9.1. MixtureThe
26、aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed in a batch mixer with such proportions of cementitious materials and water as will produce a homogeneous concrete mixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the test and design requirements of this specification. 9.2. CuringPipe s
27、hall be subjected to any one of the methods of curing described in Sections 9.2.1 through 9.2.3, or to any other method or combination of methods approved by the owner that will give satisfactory results. The pipe shall be cured for a sufficient length of time so that the concrete will develop the s
28、pecified strength requirement at 28 days or less. 9.2.1. Steam CuringPipe shall be placed in a curing chamber, free from outside drafts, and cured in a moist atmosphere maintained by the injection of steam for such time and at such temperature as needed to enable the pipe to meet the strength requir
29、ements. The curing chamber shall be constructed as to allow full circulation of steam around the entire pipe. 9.2.2. Water CuringConcrete pipe shall be water cured by covering with water-saturated material or by a system of perforated pipes, mechanical sprinklers, porous hose, or by any other approv
30、ed method that will keep the pipe moist during the specified curing period. 9.2.3. The manufacturer has the option to combine the methods described in Sections 9.2.1 and 9.2.2 provided the specified strength is attained. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.
31、All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 176M/M 176-5 AASHTO 9.3. Specials: 9.3.1. General RequirementsSpecial shapes or fittings such as wyes, tees, bends, and adapters for use with concrete pipe conforming to this specification shall be made of porous or nonporous
32、concrete in such manner as will provide strength at least equal to the class of the adjacent pipe to which they are joined, and shall conform to all other requirements specified for pipe of corresponding class and internal diameter, except minimum infiltration. Joints shall be the same types as used
33、 in the adjoining pipe. 9.3.2. Wyes and TeesFabricated branches for wyes and tees shall be securely attached to the wall of the pipe and shall be flush with the inside surface of the pipe. 10. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS 10.1. Test SpecimenThe specified number of pipe required for the tests shall be furni
34、shed by the manufacturer and shall be selected at random by the owner, and shall be pipe that would not otherwise be rejected under this specification. The selection shall be made at the point or points designated by the owner when placing the order. The test pipe shall first be freed from all visib
35、le moisture. When dry, each pipe shall be measured and inspected. The results of these observations shall be recorded. 10.2. Number and Types of Test SpecimensThe manufacturer shall furnish pipe for crushing tests, up to 0.5 percent of the number of pipe of each size included in the order, except th
36、at in no case shall fewer than two pipes be furnished. 10.3. External Load Crushing RequirementsThe crushing strength of porous nonreinforced concrete pipe shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Tables 1 and 2. The individual results of the various tests for each size of pipe and for each s
37、hipment and plant shall be tabulated separately. The crushing strength shall ordinarily be applied to not less than 75 percent of the pipe received for purpose of test. All tests shall be made in accordance with T 280. Pipe shall be acceptable when all test pipe conform to the specified strength req
38、uirement. Should any of the preliminary test pipe provided in Section 10.2 fail to meet the strength requirement, the manufacturer will be allowed to test two pipes for each pipe that failed, and the pipe shall be acceptable only when all of these additional test pipe meet the strength requirement.
39、10.4. Infiltration RequirementInfiltration (or porosity) shall conform to the requirements in Tables 1 or 2. 10.4.1. The test pipe shall be placed with a spigot end down on a soft rubber nonpermeable mat, or its equivalent, and weighted or clamped down if necessary to prevent the escape of water thr
40、ough the spigot end of the pipe. 10.4.2. Water shall be introduced into the pipe, and the distance above the bottom of the porous section at which the water level becomes constant shall be determined. The rate of flow shall be at least equal to the required minimum infiltration for 1 m ft of pipe as
41、 given in Tables 1 or 2. 10.4.3. When using metric units, the rate of infiltration per meter of pipe shall be determined as follows: LITERS/S = L/h 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M
42、 176M/M 176-6 AASHTO where: LITERS/S = infiltration rate in liters per second per meter of pipe, L = liters per second of flow introduced into the test pipe, and h = height in meters from the bottom of the porous section of the pipe at which the level of water becomes constant. When using inch-pound
43、 units, the rate of infiltration per foot of pipe shall be determined as follows: GPM = g/h where: GPM = infiltration rate in gallons per minute per foot of pipe, g = gallons per minute of flow introduced into the test pipe, and h = height in feet from the bottom of the porous section of the pipe at
44、 which the level of water becomes constant. 10.5. Test EquipmentThe manufacturer shall furnish all equipment, facilities, and personnel necessary to perform at his plant the tests specified in Section 10. In the event that the owner elects to have tests performed at any other location, the manufactu
45、rer will not be required to furnish equipment, facilities, or personnel. 11. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS 11.1. Size and DimensionsPipe shall be furnished in the sizes, internal diameters, and dimensions prescribed in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and Figure 1. Table 3Permissible Variations in Dimensions of Porous
46、Concrete Pipe Internal Designated Diameter Internal DiameteraLength, Two Opposite Sides Wall ThicknessaLengthaDepth of Socketamm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm/m in./ft mm in. 100 4 3 1/82 1/166 1/420 1/43 1/8150 6 3 1/82 1/166 1/420 1/43 1/8200 8 6 1/42 1/168 5/1620 1/46 1/4250 10 6 1/42 1/1610 3/820
47、1/46 1/4300 12 6 1/42 1/1610 3/820 1/46 1/4375 15 6 1/42 3/3211 7/1620 1/46 1/4450 18 6 1/42 3/3213 1/220 1/46 1/4525 21 6 1/43 1/814 9/1620 1/46 1/4600 24 6 1/43 1/814 9/1631 3/86 1/4aThe minus sign () indicates that the plus variation is not limited; the plus and minus sign () indicates variation
48、in both excess and deficiency in dimension. 11.1.1. Permissible variations from the dimensions described in Tables 1 and 2 shall not exceed those stated in Table 3. This is not to be construed, however, that heavier wall thickness pipe cannot be furnished at the option of the manufacturer. Pipe inte
49、nded to be straight shall not have variation in alignment of more than 10 mm/m 1/8in./ft of length. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 176M/M 176-7 AASHTO 12. REPAIRS 12.1. Pipe repaired because of imperfections in manufacturing or damage during handling is acceptable if, in the opinion of the owner, the repaired pipe confo
