1、 Standard Specification for Concrete Drain Tile AASHTO Designation: M 178M/M 178-07 (2012)1ASTM Designation: C 412M-05a and C 412-05a American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 TS-4a M 178M/M 178-1 AASHTO Standar
2、d Specification for Concrete Drain Tile AASHTO Designation: M 178M/M 178-07 (2012)1ASTM Designation: C 412M-05a and C 412-05a 1. SCOPE 1.1. This specification covers concrete drain tile with internal diameters from 100 mm (4 in.) to 900 mm (36 in.) that is intended to be used for surface and subsurf
3、ace drainage. 1.2. This specification is applicable for orders in either SI units (M 178M) or in inch-pound units (M 178). SI units and inch-pound units are not necessarily equivalent. Inch-pound units are shown in brackets in the text for clarity, but they are the applicable values when the materia
4、l is ordered to M 178. Note 1This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship between field load condition and the strength classification of drain tile. However, experience has shown that the successfu
5、l performance of the product depends upon the proper selection of the class of drain tile, type of bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction specifications. The owner of the reinforced concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that the field requirements mus
6、t be correlated with the class of pipe specified and provide inspection at the construction site. 2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2.1. AASHTO Standards: M 6, Fine Aggregate for Hydraulic Cement Concrete M 80, Coarse Aggregate for Hydraulic Cement Concrete M 85, Portland Cement M 240M/M 240, Blended Hydrauli
7、c Cement M 262, Concrete Pipe and Related Products M 295, Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete M 302, Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars T 280, Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile 2.2. ASTM Standards: C 989, Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Us
8、e in Concrete and Mortars C 1116/C 1116M, Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete 3. TERMINOLOGY 3.1. DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see M 262. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication
9、 is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 178M/M 178-2 AASHTO 4. CLASSIFICATION 4.1. Drain tile manufactured according to this specification shall be of the following four classes: 4.1.1. Standard-Quality Concrete Drain Tileintended for land drainage of ordinary soils where the tile are laid in tren
10、ches of moderate depths and widths. Standard-Quality concrete drain tile are not recommended for use where internal diameters in excess of 300 mm 12 in. are required. 4.1.2. Extra-Quality Concrete Drain Tileintended for land drainage of ordinary soils where the tile are laid in trenches of considera
11、ble depths or widths, or both. 4.1.3. Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality Concrete Drain Tileintended for land drainage of ordinary soils where the tile are laid in trenches of large depths or widths, or both. 4.1.4. Special-Quality Concrete Drain Tileintended for land drainage where special precautions are ne
12、cessary for concrete tile laid in soils that are markedly acid or contain unusual quantities of sulfates (Section 7), and where the tile are laid in trenches of considerable depths or widths, or both. 4.1.4.1. Where the calculated loads are in excess of the crushing strengths prescribed in the physi
13、cal requirements for Extra-Quality and Special-Quality concrete drain tile, tile strengths must be specified in advance by the owner. 5. BASIS OF ACCEPTANCE 5.1. The acceptability of drain tile shall be determined by (1) the results of the physical tests as specified in Section 8, and in T 280; (2)
14、measurements and inspection to ascertain whether the tile conform to the requirements regarding dimensions, shape, and freedom from visible defects; and (3) the manufacturers certification in writing that the tile have been made in accordance with any special provisions, such as strength, absorption
15、, permeability, type of cement, admixture, curing conditions, etc. 5.2. The owner shall specify in writing the class or classes of concrete tile to be supplied, whether Standard-Quality, Extra-Quality, Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality, or Special-Quality. Unless Extra-Quality, Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality, or S
16、pecial-Quality concrete drain tile have been specified, Standard-Quality drain tile shall be accepted. 6. MATERIALS 6.1. ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water. 6.2. Cementitious Materials: 6.2.1. CementCement shall conform to the requirements for
17、 portland cement of M 85 or shall be portland blast-furnace slag cement or slag modified portland cement or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements of M 240M/M 240, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly ash. 6.2.2. Fly AshFly ash sh
18、all conform to the requirements of M 295, Class F or Class C. 6.2.3. Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120 of ASTM C 989. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication
19、is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 178M/M 178-3 AASHTO 6.2.4. Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete shall be one of the following: 6.2.4.1. Portland cement only, 6.2.4.2. Portland blast-furnace slag cement only, 6.2.4.3.
20、Slag modified portland cement only, 6.2.4.4. Portland-pozzolan cement only, 6.2.4.5. A combination of portland cement and fly ash, 6.2.4.6. A combination of portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag, or 6.2.4.7. A combination of portland cement, fly ash (not to exceed 25 percent of th
21、e total cementitious weight), and ground granulated blast-furnace slag (not to exceed 25 percent of the total cementitious weight). 6.3. AggregatesAggregates shall conform to M 6 and M 80, except that the requirement for gradation shall not apply. 6.4. Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shal
22、l be used only with the approval of the owner. 6.5. Synthetic FibersAt the owners option, collated fibrillated virgin polypropylene fibers are not prohibited from being used as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufactured specifically for use in co
23、ncrete and conforming to the requirements of ASTM C 1116/C 1116M shall be used. 7. CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS 7.1. Acid and Sulfate Resistance: 7.1.1. The owner is not prohibited from specifying special requirements in order to increase the durability of the drain tile in cases where the soils, soil wate
24、rs, or drainage waters are markedly acid (Section 7.1.1.1) or contain moderate or severe quantities of soil sulfates (Section 7.1.1.2). Without a specific agreement in advance, no drain tile shall be rejected by reason of its composition as determined later by chemical analyses. 7.1.1.1. Soils or dr
25、ainage water with a pH of 6.0 or lower shall be considered to be markedly acid. 7.1.1.2. Where the sulfates are chiefly sodium or magnesium, singly or in combination, from 400 to 2000 ppm in the soil or drainage water, samples shall be considered to constitute moderate sulfate quantities, while in e
26、xcess of 2000 ppm shall be considered to be severe sulfate quantities. 7.1.2. Concrete drain tile that will be installed in markedly acid soils shall meet the physical requirements given in the table for Special-Quality concrete drain tile. 7.1.3. The owner may specify any of the following due to en
27、vironmental conditions: 7.1.3.1. Tile that will be exposed to moderate or severe sulfate quantities (Note 2) shall be specified to meet the physical requirements for Special-Quality concrete drain tile (Section 8.3.4). 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.Al
28、l rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 178M/M 178-4 AASHTO 7.1.3.2. Tile that will be exposed to moderate sulfate quantities (Note 2) shall be specified to be made with portland cement (M 85) containing not more than 8 percent tricalcium aluminate (C3A). 7.1.3.3. Til
29、e that will be exposed to severe sulfate quantities (Note 2) shall be specified to be made with portland cement (M 85) containing not more than 5 percent C3A. 7.1.4. If mutually agreed by the manufacturer and owner, other cements, as described in Section 6, that have been proven to be adequately sul
30、fate resistant shall be used. 8. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS 8.1. Test SpecimensThe drain tile to be tested shall be selected at random by the owner or his representative at the point or points specified in the order. If agreeable to the owner, all of the tile shall be inspected and tested in advance of s
31、hipment. Any additional expense for making tests and inspection in advance of shipment shall be paid by the manufacturer. 8.2. Standard SampleEach standard physical test shall be made on five individual tiles of each size ranging from 100-mm 4-in. through 300-mm 12-in. diameters; two individual tile
32、s of each size ranging from 350-mm 14-in. through 600-mm 24-in. diameters; or on one tile of each size exceeding 600 mm 24 in. in diameter. The manufacturer shall furnish tile without separate charge up to 0.5 percent of each size. The owner shall pay for the entire tile in excess of 0.5 percent at
33、the same price as paid for other tile of the same size and quality. 8.3. External Load Crushing Strength Test Requirements: 8.3.1. For Standard-Quality concrete drain tile, the three-edge-bearing crushing strength shall meet the requirements given in Table 1, Column A, where no absorption test is re
34、quired, or the three-edge-bearing crushing strength shall meet the requirements given in Table 1, Column B, where an absorption test is required of the limits noted in Table 1. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violat
35、ion of applicable law.TS-4a M 178M/M 178-5 AASHTO Table 1Physical Test Requirements for Standard-Quality Concrete Drain Tile Standard-Quality Concrete Drain Tile Internal Designated Diameter, Maximum Wall Thickness for Indicated Strength,cThree-Edge-Bearing Crushing StrengthaAbsorption Minimum Avera
36、ge, A Minimum Average, B Minimum for Individual Tile, Minimum Average, percent Minimum for Individual Tile, percent mm in. mm in. kN/linear m lbf/linear ft kN/linear m lbf/linear ft kN/linear m lbf/linear ft 100 4 12 800 10 700 10 11 125 5 14 9/1613 900 12 800 10 700 10 11 125 5 16 5/815 1000 12 800
37、 10 700 10 11 150 6 16 5/813 900 12 800 10 700 10 11 150 6 19 3/415 1000 12 800 10 700 10 11 200 8 19 3/413 900 12 800 10 700 10 11 200 8 22 7/815 1000 12 800 10 700 10 11 250 10 22 7/813 900 12 800 10 700 10 11 250 10 25 1 15 1000 12 800 10 700 10 11 300 12 25 1 13 900 12 800 10 700 10 11 300b12b29
38、 11/815 1000 12 800 10 700 10 11 a Drain tile meeting the above strength requirements are not necessarily safe against cracking in deep and wide trenches. b Tile with diameters greater than 12 in. shall meet the requirements specified in Table 2 for Extra-Quality, Table 3 for Heavy-Duty Extra-Qualit
39、y, or Table 4 for Special-Quality concrete drain tile. c Maximum wall thickness for the indicated minimum average crushing strength, Column A, when no absorption test is required. 8.3.2. For Extra-Quality concrete drain tile, the three-edge-bearing crushing strength shall meet the requirements given
40、 in Table 2, Column A, where no absorption test is required, or the three-edge-bearing crushing strength shall meet the requirements given in Table 2, Column B, where an absorption test is required of the limits noted in Table 2. 2014 by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation O
41、fficials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 178M/M 178-6 AASHTO Table 2Physical Test Requirements for Extra-Quality Concrete Drain Tile Extra-Quality Concrete Drain Tile Three-Edge-Bearing Crushing StrengthaAbsorption Internal Designated Diameter, Wall Thicknes
42、s, Maximum Wall Thickness for Indicated Strength,bMinimum Average, A Minimum Average, B Minimum for Individual Tile, Minimum Average, percent Minimum for Individual Tile, percent mm in. mm in.mm in. kN/ linear m lbf/ linear ft kN/ linear m lbf/ linear ft kN/ linear m lbf/ linear ft 100 4 13 1/2 16 1
43、100 15 990 9 10 125 5 14 9/1614 9/1618 1200 16 1100 15 990 9 10 125 5 14 9/1616 5/819 1300 16 1100 15 990 9 10 150 6 16 5/816 5/818 1200 16 1100 15 990 9 10 150 6 16 5/819 3/419 1300 16 1100 15 990 9 10 200 8 19 3/419 3/418 1200 16 1100 15 990 9 10 200 8 19 3/422 7/819 1300 16 1100 15 990 9 10 250 1
44、0 22 7/8 16 1100 15 990 9 10 300 12 25 1 16 1100 15 990 9 10 350 14 29 11/8 16 1100 15 990 9 10 375 15 32 11/4 16 1100 15 990 9 10 400 16 35 13/8 16 1100 15 990 9 10 450 18 38 11/2 18 1200 16 1080 9 10 500 20 41 15/8 20 1330 18 1200 9 10 550 22 44 13/4 22 1460 19 1320 9 10 600 24 50 2 24 1600 21 144
45、0 9 10 650 26 54 21/8 25 1730 23 1560 9 10 700 28 60 23/8 28 1870 25 1680 9 10 750 30 63 21/2 1200 29 2000 27 1800 9 10 800 32 66 25/8 1300 31 2130 28 1920 9 10 850 34 72 27/8 1200 33 2270 30 2040 9 10 900 36 75 3 1300 35 2400 32 2160 9 10 a For crushing strengths greater than or equal to those show
46、n in the above table, it is not prohibited to supply tile designed with increased wall thickness, higher strength concrete, or reinforcing. b Maximum wall thickness for the indicated minimum average crushing strength, Column A, when no absorption test is required. 2014 by the American Association of
47、 State Highway and Transportation Officials.All rights reserved. Duplication is a violation of applicable law.TS-4a M 178M/M 178-7 AASHTO 8.3.3. For Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality concrete drain tile, the three-edge-bearing crushing strength shall meet the requirements given in Table 3. Table 3Physical Te
48、st Requirements for Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality Concrete Drain Tile Heavy-Duty Extra-Quality Concrete Drain Tile Three-Edge-Bearing Crushing StrengthaAbsorption Internal Designated Diameter, Wall Thickness, Minimum Average,bMinimum for Individual Tile, Minimum Average, percent Minimum for Individual Ti
49、le, percent mm in. mm in. kN/ linear m lbf/ linear ft kN/ linear m lbf/ linear ft 100 4 13 1/219.0 1300 17.0 1170 9 10 125 5 14 9/1619.0 1300 17.0 1170 9 10 150 6 16 5/819.0 1300 17.0 1170 9 10 200 8 19 3/419.0 1300 17.0 1170 9 10 250 10 22 7/820.5 1400 18.0 1260 9 10 300 12 25 1 22.0 1500 19.5 1350 9 10 350 14 29 11/825.5 1750 23.0 1580 9 10 375 15 32 11/427.5 1870 24.5 1690 9 10 400 16 35 13/829.0 2000 26.5 1800 9
