1、Designation: F1446 15b An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forEquipment and Procedures Used in Evaluating thePerformance Characteristics of Protective Headgear1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThese test methods specify equipment and procedures use
3、d for testing protective headgear.Individual ASTM performance standards (standard specifications) will use these procedures andequipment. Test conditions, pass-fail criteria, and other performance requirements will be specified inthe individual performance standards, tailored to the needs of a parti
4、cular activity (for example,bicycling, skateboarding, skiing, etc.).These test methods were developed using resources in medical, scientific, mechanical engineering,human factors, and biomechanical fields. However, it is recognized that it is not possible to write aprotective headgear performance st
5、andard that will result in headgear that can protect against injuryor death in all accidents. It is also recognized that serious injury or death can result from both low-and high-energy impacts, even when protective headgear is worn.These test methods incorporate aspects of other recognized headgear
6、 performance standards. Theydraw from work done by others where appropriate for these test methods. These standards arereferenced within this standard test method. It should be noted that these test methods specifylaboratory tests of completed headgear to measure its ability to reduce head accelerat
7、ion during useand other selected parameters.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover laboratory equipment,procedures, and basic requirements pertinent to testing protec-tive headgear. Deviations or additions, or both, to these testmethods will be specified, as required, in individual ASTMperformance sta
8、ndards.1.2 RequirementsThe protective headgear is to be testedunder specified environmental conditions for the following:1.2.1 Impact attenuation (the limiting of head acceleration)of the protective headgear, and1.2.2 Strength and stability of the retention system and itsattachment to the protective
9、 headgear.1.2.3 Special tests for particular protective headgear useswill be specified in the individual performance standards to beused in conjunction with these test methods.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsib
10、ility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard:2E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conduc
11、ting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF2220 Specification for Headforms2.2 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard:3218 S7.1.8 Motorcycle Helmets2.3 SAE Standard:4SAE J211 Recommended Practice for Instrumentation forImpact TestsRequirements for Channel Class 10001Thes
12、e test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 onSports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and are the direct responsibilityof Subcommittee F08.53 on Headgear and Helmets.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published January 2016. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previou
13、s edition approved in 2015 as F1446 15a. DOI:10.1520/F1446-15B.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websit
14、e.3Available from National Highway Traffic SafetyAdministration (NHTSA), 4007th St., NW, Washington, DC 20590.4Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
15、19428-2959. United States13. Reference Table3.1 For references to these test methods, the standard termsfor reference are listed in bold type in Table 1 with the items toconsider for each method. For conditions and anvils, use thestandard term listed in Table 1. Referring to section numbers inthese
16、test methods is not the recommended method for refer-ence.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:4.1.1 basic plane, nan anatomical plane (Frankfort Hori-zontal Plane) that includes the superior rim of the externalauditory meatus (upper edge of the external openings of theear) and the inferior margin of the o
17、rbit (the lowest point of thefloor of the eye socket).4.1.1.1 DiscussionThe headforms are marked with thebasic plane (see Figs. 1 and 2).4.1.2 coronal plane, nan anatomical plane perpendicularto both the basic and midsagittal planes and passing throughthe superior rims of the right and left auditory
18、 meatuses.4.1.2.1 DiscussionThe transverse plane corresponds to thecoronal plane (see Figs. 1 and 2).4.1.3 field of vision, nangle of vision as measured on thereference headform (upward, downward, and peripheral).4.1.4 headform size selection, nhelmets shall be tested onthe appropriate test headform
19、 size(s), as determined by thetesting laboratory. Helmets shall be tested on the largest andsmallest size test headforms on which they fit. When multipleheadform sizes are required, each test set of helmets willinclude at least one extent of coverage, vision test, retentiontest, and impact test on e
20、ach specified headform size. “Fit”means that it is not physically difficult to put the helmet on thelarger headform and that the helmets comfort or fit-foam ispartially compressed on the smaller headform. For helmetsequipped with adjustable fit systems, the headform sizes aredetermined by the fit at
21、 the smallest and largest limits of theadjustment.4.1.5 helmet, na protective device worn on the head in aneffort to reduce or minimize injury to that portion of the headthat is within an area above the test line (as defined in theindividual performance standards).4.1.5.1 DiscussionA helmet of a giv
22、en size is furtherdefined as a combination of structure(s) making up the primaryenergy-absorption structure covering part of the wearers head.Each structural size is made up of a specific size energy-absorbing structure that may include an outer or inner hardshell, or both.TABLE 1 Table for Referenc
23、eTerms for Reference Section Items to Consider for Each MethodChin Bar Rigidity 12.9 Types defined: impact velocity, nominal drop heightConditioning Environments 10 Types defined: ambient, low temperature, high temperature, waterimmersionConfiguration 12.2 Standard requirement definedDynamic Retenti
24、on Test 12.7.1 Types defined: mass of drop weight, drop height, extension pass/failcriteriaHeadforms 7.1 Headforms to be used in all tests in Test Methods F1446Impact Anvil 7.3.1 Types defined: flat, hemispherical, cylindrical, triangular hazard, curb-stoneImpact Attenuation Test 12.8 Types defined:
25、 number of impact sites, impact velocity and theoreticaldrop height, and maximum peak g valueInternal Projections 12.5.1 Standard requirement definedLabeling 12.4 Standard labeling requirements definedMaterials 12.3 Standard requirement definedPeripheral Vision 12.6.1 Standard method of pass/fail fo
26、r horizontal vision definedReference Marking 12.1 Standard method of marking defined, define test linesReporting 13 Standard report format definedRoll-Off Test (Helmet Stability Test) 12.7.2 Types defined: mass of drop weight, drop height, standard method ofpass/fail definedSamples for Testing 8 Cri
27、teria to be considered in selecting number of samplesSelecting the Correct Headform 7.1.1 Method definedTest Schedule 11 Standard test schedule definedFIG. 1 Anatomical PlanesF1446 15b24.1.6 helmet position index (HPI), nthe vertical distancefrom the brow of the helmet to the basic plane, when thehe
28、lmet is placed on a reference headform. The manufacturershall specify the size of the headform and the vertical distance.4.1.7 helmet type, na category of helmets which do notdiffer in basic construction components such as shell, energy-absorbing layer(s), retention system, or any other componenttha
29、t is tested.4.1.7.1 DiscussionDifference in size alone does not con-stitute a different helmet type.4.1.8 midsagittal plane, nan anatomical plane perpendicu-lar to the basic plane and containing the midpoint of the lineconnecting the notches of the right and left inferior orbitalridges and the midpo
30、int of the line connecting the superior rimsof the right and left external auditory meatus.4.1.8.1 DiscussionThe longitudinal plane corresponds tothe midsagittal plane (see Figs. 1 and 2).4.1.9 modular elastomer programmer (MEP), nacylindrical-shaped pad used as the impact surface for thespherical i
31、mpactor.4.1.10 preload ballast, na “bean-bag” filled with shotplaced on the helmet to secure its position on the headform.The weight of the preload ballast shall be 5.0 6 0.1 kg unlessotherwise specified in the individual performance specification.4.1.11 projection, nany part of a helmet, internal o
32、rexternal, that extends beyond the faired surface and is likely tocause injury.4.1.12 protective headgear, nsee helmet.4.1.13 reference headforms, nmeasuring headforms con-toured in the same configuration as the test headforms sizes A,C, E, J, M, and O, as defined in Specification F2220.4.1.13.1 Dis
33、cussionThe reference headforms should in-clude surface markings corresponding to the basic, coronal,midsagittal, and reference planes (see Figs. 1 and 2).4.1.14 reference plane, na plane marked on the headformsat a specified distance above and parallel to the basic plane (seeFig. 3).4.1.15 retention
34、 system, nthe complete assembly thatsecures the helmet, in a stable position, on the wearers head.4.1.16 shield, noptional equipment used in place ofgoggles to protect the eyes.4.1.17 size, na combination of structure(s) making up theprimary energy-absorption structure covering part of the wear-ers
35、head.4.1.17.1 DiscussionEach structural size is made up of aspecific size energy-absorbing structure that may include anouter or inner hard shell, or both.4.1.18 spherical impactor, na device made of low reso-nance material (for example, magnesium), aluminum alloy, orstainless steel that couples mec
36、hanically with the ball armconnector of the drop assembly in place of the impact testheadform. When mounted, the device presents a sphericallymachined impact face with a radius of 73 mm on its bottomsurface. All radii from the center of the curvature of the impactface to its outer edge shall from an
37、gles of no less than 40 withthe downward vertical axis. The center of curvature shall bewithin 5 mm of the vertical axis drawn through the center ofthe ball arm. The mass and center of gravity of the dropassembly including the impactor shall meet the same require-ments as those specified for the dro
38、p assembly incorporatedwith the test headforms (see 7.3.2), using the 5 6 0.1 kg dropmass.4.1.19 test area, nthe area of the helmet on or above aspecified test line, subject to impact or penetration testing.4.1.20 test headforms, ntest headforms that correspond tothe physical dimensions defined in S
39、pecification F2220 as sizesA, C, E, J, M, and O. The weight of the drop assemblyincluding the headform shall be 5.0 6 0.10 kg unless a variablemass drop assembly configuration is specified. If a variablemass configuration is specified, then the weight of the dropassembly shall comply with the weight
40、 specifications presentedin Table 2. The test headforms may include surface markingscorresponding to the basic, coronal, midsagittal, and referenceplanes (see Fig. Fig. 2).4.1.21 test line, na line drawn on the helmet as specifiedin the individual performance standards.4.1.22 visor (peak), noptional
41、 equipment for protectionagainst sun or glare, and sometimes used as a rock or dirtdeflector.5. Significance and Use5.1 The purpose of these test methods is to provide reliableand repeatable tests for the evaluation of various types ofprotective headgear. Use of these test methods in conjunctionwith
42、 the specific individual performance standards is intendedto reduce the likelihood of serious injury and death resultingfrom impacts to the head sustained by individuals participatingFIG. 2 Test HeadformBasic, Reference, and Midsagittal PlanesF1446 15b3in sports, recreation, and other leisure activi
43、ties in whichprotective headgear is worn.6. Certification6.1 These test methods permit self-certification. It is recom-mended that each manufacturer employ an independent testlaboratory at least annually to test each model and size ofprotective headgear.7. Apparatus7.1 Test Headforms:7.1.1 GeneralTh
44、ese test methods specify six headformsizes as identified in Specification F2220 (A, C, E, J, M, and O)HeadformLabelX,mm Y,mm Z,mmF2220-A 24.0 89.7 11.1F2220-C 25.0 91.2 11.5F2220-E 26.0 96.0 11.9F2220-J 27.5 102.5 12.7F2220-M 29.0 107.0 13.3F2220-O 30.0 110.0 13.7FIG. 3 Location of Reference LineTAB
45、LE 2 Test Headforms and Mass Specifications for VariableMass Drop Assembly ConfigurationHeadform Label Drop Assembly MassF2220-A 3.10.10kgF2220-C 3.60.10kgF2220-E 4.10.12kgF2220-J 4.70.14kgF2220-M 5.60.16kgF2220-O 6.10.18kgF1446 15b4for performing reference measurements, impact, roll-off, dy-namic r
46、etention, penetration, and other tests required by theindividual performance specification standards.7.1.2 Impact HeadformsThese headforms shall be madeof K1A magnesium material and shall conform to the externaldimension requirements of each particular headform size, asspecified in Specification F22
47、20.7.1.3 Other HeadformsThese headforms should be madeof material of sufficient strength and stiffness to maintain theirgeometry during testing. They shall conform to the externaldimension requirements of each particular headform size, asspecified in Specification F2220. Full-chin headforms will beu
48、sed as necessary.7.2 Retention SystemThe test apparatus for the roll-off anddynamic retention testing are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5,respectively. The mass of the drop weight and drop height arespecified in the individual performance specification standards.7.2.1 Roll-Off Test ApparatusThe test appa
49、ratus shall beused to apply a shock load to a helmet secured to the headformby its own retention system. The geometry of the test headformshall comply with the dimension of the full chin referenceheadforms. The headform shall be secured in a test fixture withits vertical axis pointing downward at 45 to the direction ofgravity (see Fig. 4). The test fixture shall permit rotation of theheadform about its vertical axis and include a means to lock theheadform in the face-up and face-down positions. The cableand hook shall be a flexibl
