1、Sheet Metal Welding CodeAWS D9.1/D9.1M:2018An American National StandardAWS D9.1/D9.1M:2018An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteSeptember 29, 2017Sheet Metal Welding Code7th EditionSupersedes AWS D9.1M/D9.1:2012Prepared by theAmerican Welding Society (AWS)
2、 D9 Committee on Welding of Sheet MetalUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis code covers the arc and braze welding requirements for nonstructural sheet metal fabrications using the commonly welded metals available in sheet form.
3、 Requirements and limitations governing procedure and performance qualification are presented, and workmanship and inspection standards are supplied. The informative annexes provide useful informa-tion on materials and processes.AWS D9.1/D9.1M:2018iiInternational Standard Book Number: 978-0-87171-92
4、9-4American Welding Society8669 Doral Blvd., Doral, FL 33166 2017 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, with
5、out the prior written permission of the copyright owner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropri-at
6、e fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet: .AWS D9.1/D9.1M:2018iiiStatement on the Use of American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) o
7、f the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, documents that are included in federal o
8、r state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmen-tal bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of t
9、hose laws and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard must be by agreement between the contrac
10、ting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the proc-ess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the developm
11、ent of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, c
12、onsequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance on this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information pub-lished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither un
13、dertaking to render professional or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of
14、 a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It is assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by new editions. This standard may also
15、be corrected through publication of amend-ments or errata, or supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards includ-ing amendments, errata, and addenda is posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they have the latest edition, ame
16、ndments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of any patent or product trade
17、 name resulting from the use of this standard.AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the appro
18、priate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex K). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standa
19、rds may be rendered. These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do the
20、se oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS D9 Committee on Sheet Metal. It must be rev
21、iewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or dele-tions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive carefu
22、l consideration by the AWS D9 Committee on Sheet Metal and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D9 Committee on Sheet Metal to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse
23、decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.AWS D9.1/D9.1M:2018ivThis page is intentionally blank.AWS D9.1/D9.1M:2018
24、vPersonnelAWS D9 Committee on the Welding of Sheet MetalT. J. White, Chair First EnergyM. J. Brooks, Vice Chair Excel BridgeJ. A. Molin, Secretary American Welding SocietyE. W. Beckman ConsultantM. C. Cook Southern Illinois CJAPJ. L. Cooley J C therefore, each system must be used independently.AWS D
25、9.1/D9.1M:201821.3 Safety. Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard and therefore are not addressed herein. Safety and health information is available from the following sources:American Welding Society:(1) ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Process
26、es(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS websiteMaterial or Equipment Manufacturers:(1) Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturersApplicable Regulatory AgenciesWork performed in acco
27、rdance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous, and may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address all safety and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establis
28、h an appropriate safety program to address such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.1 should be considered when developing the safety program.2. Normative ReferencesThe documents listed below are referenced within this publication and are mandatory to the extent spe
29、cified herein. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.American Welding Society (AWS) standards:AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nond
30、estructive ExaminationAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, Including Terms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying.Other documents:ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes3. Terms and DefinitionsAWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard W
31、elding Terms and Definitions, provides the basis for terms and definitions used herein. However, the following terms and definitions are included below to accommodate usage specific to this document.Contractor. The party responsible for performing the welding under this code. The term is used collec
32、tively to mean contractor, fabricator, erector, or manufacturer.Engineer. The duly designated person who acts on behalf of the Owner in all matters within the scope of this code.Independent Third Party. An organization or agency qualified to perform inspection and testing required by this code.Suppl
33、emental terms and definitions of significant importance to sheet metal welding are given in Annex B.AWS D9.1/D9.1M:20183Part AArc Welding4. General Provisions for Arc Welding4.1 Base Metal4.1.1 Base metals to be joined under this code include coated and uncoated forms of carbon steel, high strength
34、low-alloy steel, chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steel alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, and titanium and titanium alloys.4.1.2 Weld-through paint primers, galvanized or aluminized coatings, or anti-spatter compounds, may remain on the m
35、etal provided the final weld quality meets the requirements of this Code.4.2 Filler Metal4.2.1 Filler metals shall be compatible with the base metal designated on the drawings or specified by the Engineer.4.2.2 Recommended filler metals are listed in Annex A.4.3 Processes. Joining processes under th
36、is code shall include shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), flux cored arc welding (FCAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), plasma arc welding (PAW), and carbon arc welding (CAW). Other processes may be used, provided they are qualified in accordance with the requirements
37、of this code.5. Arc Welding Procedure Qualification5.1 Prior Procedure Qualification5.1.1 The use of welding procedure specifications qualified in accordance with AWS B2.1/B2.1M, Specification for Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification, shall be accepted for welding to this code. Standard W
38、elding Procedure Specifications (SWPSs) published by AWS shall be accepted as qualified procedures.5.1.2 The Engineer, exercising proper discretion, may accept evidence of previous qualification of specific procedures to be used on work being performed under this code.5.2 Required Procedure Qualific
39、ation Tests5.2.1 Welding Procedure Specification. The qualification of a Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) shall be the responsibility of the Contractor. Each welding procedure to be used in conjunction with this code shall be prepared as a WPS to be used in fabrication and installation. An inde
40、pendent third party may perform the actual procedure qualification tests and prepare the forms; however, the Contractor shall be responsible for certifying acceptance in accordance with the requirements of this code (see 5.5.1). All required information for the WPS, listed in 5.3, shall be recorded
41、on a form similar to that shown in Annex D.5.2.2 Typical Joints. Qualification of any complete joint penetration (CJP) groove weld shown in Annex G provides qualification for any groove, fillet, plug or slot weld. Qualification of any fillet weld shown in Annex G provides qualification for any fille
42、t weld. Qualification of a fillet weld does NOT provide qualification for a groove, plug or slot weld.5.2.3 Preparing Joint Chosen for Testing. The chosen joint type shall be prepared as a longitudinal weld joint between two 3 in by 6 in 75 mm by 150 mm minimum sheets, assembled using one of the joi
43、nts types shown in Figure 1 or by using the actual joint to be used. Qualification testing using the butt joint in Figure 1 shall qualify all groove, fillet, plug or slot weld joint types.5.2.4 Welding the Test Joint. The joint shall be welded using the process specified by the WPS (see 5.2.1).5.3 L
44、imitations of Procedure Qualification. A qualified welding procedure shall be used only with the allowable ranges of operating variables tested during qualification. These limits of essential variables are described in 5.3.1 through 5.3.10. The variables shall be recorded on a PQR form similar to th
45、at shown in Annex E.AWS D9.1/D9.1M:20184Figure 1Procedure Qualification Test AssembliesAWS D9.1/D9.1M:201855.3.1 Base Metals. A change from one of the following base metal groups to another, or a change to a weld between dissimilar metals, requires separate qualification:(1) Carbon steel with 0.30%
46、maximum carbon and 0.50% maximum chromium(2) High-strength, low-alloy steels(3) Chromium and chromium-nickel stainless steels(4) Copper and copper alloys(5) Nickel and nickel alloys(6) Aluminum and aluminum alloys(7) Titanium and titanium alloys5.3.2 Coating Material. The addition or change, but not
47、 deletion, of coating material on the base metal requires requalification. Anti-spatter compound is not considered a coating material.5.3.3 Base Metal Thickness(1) A change in thickness to less than 0.5T or to greater than 2T, where T is the thickness of the thinner base metal qualified, requires re
48、qualification.(2) As an alternate to 5.3.3(1), the following qualification tests (a) and (b) are required to cover the complete range of all sheet metal thicknesses as defined in Annex C.(a) A qualification weld performed on 18 gauge metal(b) A qualification weld performed on 10 gauge metal5.3.4 Bac
49、king Material. The deletion, but not the addition, of backing material requires requalification. Shielding gas is not considered a backing material.5.3.5 Filler Metal. A change in filler metal “F” number requires requalification (see Annex A, Table A.1).(1) The addition or deletion of filler metal requires requalification.5.3.6 Welding Process. A change in welding process, or a change in the method of application (manual, semiautomatic, automatic, and mechanized) requires requalification.5.3.7 Welding Current. A change in the type of welding current from AC to DC, or vice versa, requires
