1、Designation: B254 92 (Reapproved 2009)Endorsed by AmericanElectroplaters SocietyEndorsed by National Associa-tion of Metal FinishersStandard Practice forPreparation of and Electroplating on Stainless Steel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B254; the number immediately following the
2、 designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for u
3、se by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 Various metals are electrodeposited on stainless steel forcolor matching, lubrication during cold heading, spring-coilingand wire-drawing operations, reduction of scaling at hightemperatures, improvement of wettability (as in fountain pens),imp
4、rovement of heat and electrical conductance, prevention ofgalling, jewelry decoration, and prevention of superficialrusting.1.2 This practice is presented as an aid to electroplaters andfinishing engineers, confronted with problems inherent in theelectrodeposition of metals on stainless steel. It is
5、 not astandardized procedure but a guide to the production of smoothadherent electrodeposits on stainless steel.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate saf
6、ety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation ofStainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems3. Nature of Stainless Steel3.1 Because previous metal tre
7、atment may have a morepronounced effect on the final finish when stainless steel isbeing electroplated, the metal finisher should become ac-quainted with the fabrication procedure, grade, and mill finishof the stainless steel with which he is working before outlininghis electrodeposition procedure (
8、see Appendix X1).3.2 Stainless steel surfaces are normally resistant to a widevariety of corrosive elements. This property is the result of athin transparent film of oxides present on the surface. Becausethis film rapidly reforms after it has been stripped off orpenetrated, it protects stainless ste
9、el against corrosion. Anadherent electrodeposit cannot be obtained over the oxide filmnormally present on stainless steel. However, once this film isremoved by surface activation and kept from reforming whilethe surface is covered with an electrodeposit, any of thecommonly electroplated metals may b
10、e electrodeposited suc-cessfully on stainless steel.3.3 Where the finished product is to be subjected to severeexposure, the deposit produced by the proposed electroplatingsequence should be tested under similar exposure conditionsbefore adoption, to determine whether the natural corrosionresistance
11、 of the stainless steel has been impaired by thepresence of the electrodeposit.4. Nature of Cleaning4.1 The preparation of stainless steel for electroplatinginvolves three basic steps in the following order:4.1.1 Removal of scale. If scale removal is necessary, one ofthe methods outlined in Appendix
12、 X2 may be used (Note 1).See also Practice A380.4.1.2 Removal of oil, grease, or other foreign material bycleaning, and4.1.3 Activation immediately before electroplating.4.2 PrecleaningRemoval of fabricating lubricants andfinishing compounds from the stainless steel may have to beundertaken immediat
13、ely following the fabrication or finishingoperation (Note 2).4.3 ElectrocleaningAnodic cleaning is generally pre-ferred (Note 3).4.4 Metal LubricantsMetal lubricants such as copper,lead, or cadmium, applied to stainless steel wire for coldheading, wire drawing, or spring forming are removed byimmers
14、ion in a solution of 200 mL of concentrated, 67 mass %,nitric acid (density 1.40 g/mL) diluted to 1 L at 50 to 60C. SeePractice A380.NOTE 1Oil, grease or other fabricating lubricants should be removedby cleaning before heat treating.NOTE 2Spray cleaning with a nozzle pressure of 200 to 400 kPa (30to
15、 60 psi) in a power washer, using an alkaline or emulsion-type cleaner,is the generally preferred method, especially for the removal of heavydrawing, buffing, or polishing compounds. Soak cleaning or vapor1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallicand Inorganic Coating
16、s and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.02 onPre Treatment.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as B25492 (2004)1.DOI: 10.1520/B0254-92R09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM webs
17、ite, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Stat
18、es.degreasing may also be used. Extreme examples of such compounds aredrawing or stamping lubricants containing unsaturated oils, which if lefton the surface, form by air-oxidation tenacious films that are very difficultto remove.NOTE 3When brightness is important, alkalinity, current density, andte
19、mperature should be kept as low as the part will permit. This is anessential requirement when cleaning work on racks bearing auxiliary leadanodes or when high chromium alloys (such as UNS Types S44200 andS44600) are being cleaned.5. Cleaning Solutions5.1 The types of solution control, electrodes, he
20、ating coils,and rinse tanks normally used for cleaning carbon steel aresatisfactory for stainless steel. Equipment previously used forthe cleaning or processing of carbon steel should not be used.See Practice A380.6. Racking6.1 The general principles of good racking as used inchromium electroplating
21、 processes apply. However, the highelectrical resistance of stainless steel requires rack constructionmethods that minimize potential contact problems and increasethe number of contact points.NOTE 4Because of the high electrical resistance of stainless steel,especially in fine-coiled wire articles s
22、uch as watch bands, chains, jewelry,etc., it is necessary to provide a larger number of contacts. As an example,a watch band 110 mm long made of 1.0-mm diameter wire has been foundto require at least three contacts.7. Activation7.1 After the cleaning operation and before the electroplat-ing operatio
23、n, the parts must be completely activated, that is,the thin transparent film of oxides must be removed from thesurface to be electroplated (Note 5). This film will reform if theparts are allowed to dry or are exposed to oxygen-containingsolutions. For this reason, the shortest interval practicablesh
24、ould elapse between the time the parts are removed from theactivating solution and covered by the electrodeposit, unless asimultaneous activation-electroplating procedure is used.NOTE 5The etching practice may be more severe for nondecorativeapplications than for decorative applications.7.2 The foll
25、owing activating procedures have been used.The procedure selected will depend upon the nature of the partand preceding or subsequent processes (see 7.7). In thefollowing solution formulas, the concentrations are expressedon a volume basis as follows:Liquids: as volume per litre of solutionSolids: as
26、 mass per litre of solution7.3 The commercial grade acids and salts used in theformulas include:Sulfuric acid: 93 mass %; density 1.83 g/mLHydrochloric acid: 31 mass %; density 1.16 g/mLNickel chloride: NiCl26H2OCopper sulfate: CuSO45H2OWarningSulfuric acid should be slowly added to theapproximate a
27、mount of water required with rapid mixing, andthen after cooling, diluted to exact volume.7.4 Cathodic Treatments:7.4.1 Sulfuric acid 50 to 500 mL/LWater to1LTemperature roomTime 1to5minCurrent density 0.54 A/dm2Anodes pure lead7.4.2AHydrochloric acid 50 to 500 mL/LWater to1LTemperature roomTime 1to
28、5minCurrent density 2.15 A/dm2Anodes electrolytic nickel strip or nickelbarASee Patent No. 2,133,996.7.4.3 After immersion in a solution containing 100 to 300 mL/L of hydrochlo-ric acid diluted to 1 L at room temperature for 30 to 60 s, treat cathodically in:Sulfuric acid 50 to 500 mL/LWater to1LTem
29、perature roomCurrent 0.54 to 2.7 A/dm2Anodes pure lead7.5 Immersion Treatments:7.5.1 Immerse in a solution of sulfuric acid containing 200to 500 mL of acid diluted to 1 L at 65 to 80C (with the highertemperature for the lower concentration) for at least 1 min aftergassing starts. If gassing does not
30、 start within 1 min after theparts have been immersed, touch them with a carbon-steel baror rod. This activation treatment will produce a dark, adherentsmut that is removed in the electroplating bath. A cathodiccurrent of at least 0.54 A/dm2may be used to accelerateactivation. Lead anodes are suitab
31、le for this solution.7.5.2 Immerse in the following solution:Hydrochloric acid 1 mLSulfuric acid 10 mLWater to1LTemperature roomTime 26 sNOTE 6This practice has been used with success for chromiumelectroplating on stainless steel automobile parts in a conveyorizedprocess. It is not recommended befor
32、e copper or nickel electroplating.7.6 Simultaneous Activation-Electroplating Treatments:7.6.1 Nickel chlorideA240 gHydrochloric acid 85 mLIron should not exceed7.5 g/ LWater to1LTemperature roomElectrodes nickelASee U. S. Patent No. 2,285,548-9.7.6.1.1 Anodic Treatment:Current density 2.2 A/dm2Time
33、2 min7.6.1.2 Followed by Cathodic Treatment:Current density 2.2 A/dm2Time 6 min7.6.2 Nickel chlorideA240 gHydrochloric acid 126 mLWater to1LElectrodes nickelTemperatureBroomCurrent density (cathodic) 5.4 to 21.5 A/dm2Time 2to4minASee U. S. Patent No. 2,437,409.BBath may require cooling or reduction
34、in hydrochloric acid content iftemperature exceeds 30C.7.6.3 Nickel chloride 30 to 300 g/LHydrochloric acid 15 to 160 mL/LWater to1LB254 92 (2009)2Electrodes nickelTemperature roomCurrent density 0.55 to 10.75 A/dm2Time12 to5min7.6.4 Hydrochloric acid undiluted commercial grade(7.2)Copper sulfate 0.
35、4 g/LElectrodes nickelTemperature roomCurrent density 4.5 to 6.6 A/dm2Time 1to5minNOTE 7Nickel anode materials containing greater than 0.01 % sulfurare not recommended for use in acid nickel strike baths operated at pH 0.5,or lower, to avoid oxidation of sulfides by hydrochloric acid (see7.6.1-7.6.4
36、, and 7.7).7.7 A combination of more than one type of treatment maybe necessary to ensure a high degree of adhesion. For example,the following has been used in the automotive industry fornickel plating on UNS Type S30200 stainless steel:Sulfuric acid 650 mLWater to1LPotential (cathodic) 10 VElectrod
37、es leadTemperature roomTime 2 minFollowed by:Nickel chloride 240 gHydrochloric acid 120 mLWater to1LElectrodes nickelTemperature roomTime 2 minCurrent density (cathodic) 16.2 A/dm2This is followed by transfer without rinsing to a Watts (orhigher chloride) nickel bath with a pH of 1.5 to 2.0.8. Rinsi
38、ng8.1 The parts should be transferred to the cold-water rinseand to the plating solution as rapidly as practicable after theactivating procedure; otherwise the surface will passivate itselfand the electrodeposit will not be adherent.8.1.1 The rinse water should be kept slightly acid (approxi-mately
39、pH of 2.5 to 3.5). The acid carryover from the activationoperation will maintain this pH in many instances.8.1.2 In conveyorized operations where trace contaminationof plating solutions with chloride and sulfate from activatingsolutions will produce an unsatisfactory electrodeposit, spray-rinse oper
40、ations subsequent to the activation treatment willremove these contaminants.8.1.3 If the simultaneous activation-plating procedure isemployed and nickel plating follows, the intermediate rinseneed only be superficial and the length of transfer time is notso important.9. Electroplating9.1 An adherent
41、 electrodeposit of commonly electroplatedmetals (cadmium, copper, brass, chromium, gold, nickel, orsilver) may be electrodeposited directly on stainless steelprovided the surface of the stainless steel is active.NOTE 8Nickel may be electrodeposited at normal current densitiesdirectly on properly act
42、ivated stainless steel from standard nickel-electroplating solutions if the pH of the solution is between 2 and 4. A pHof 2 is preferred.NOTE 9When a chromium-electroplating solution containing 400 g/Lof chromic acid is used for decorative chromium electroplating, bettercoverage and a wider bright r
43、ange is obtained by operating at a currentdensity of 16.2 A/dm2and 49C.NOTE 10A bright nickel electroplate under chromium, preceded byone of the simultaneous activation-electroplating treatments, may often beused to advantage for better color matching and elimination of chromiumbuffing.9.2 Where pra
44、ctical, the parts should have the currentapplied during entry into the electroplating solution.10. Stripping10.1 Nitric acid is the preferred stripping solution.10.2 Decorative chromium electrodeposits have beenstripped in a solution of 500 mL of concentrated, 31 mass %hydrochloric acid (density 1.1
45、6 g/mL) diluted to 1 L at 45 to50C for 1 min.NOTE 11Overstripping will result in etching.NOTE 12Decorative chromium electrodeposits may also be strippedanodically in any alkaline solution.10.3 Cadmium is stripped successfully without current byimmersion in a solution of 120 g/L of ammonium nitrate.1
46、1. Post Electroplating Operations11.1 Post electroplating operations such as stress relieving,buffing or coloring, and forming or drawing may be applied tostainless steel in the same manner as to any other basis metal,as long as the natural differences in the characteristic of thestainless steel are
47、 taken into consideration. The stainless steelsupplier should be consulted for guidance in regard to thesecharacteristics.12. Test Methods12.1 The methods of testing for thickness, hardness, andadhesion of electrodeposits applied with the usual basis metalsmay be employed for similar tests on stainl
48、ess steel.NOTE 13An exception to this is the determination of the thickness ofchromium on stainless steel by the hydrochloric acid drop method.Because gassing continues after the chromium coating has been pen-etrated, the accuracy of this method may be questionable for thisapplication.B254 92 (2009)
49、3APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. STAINLESS STEEL GRADESX1.1 There are many standard grades and many morespecial grades of stainless steel. Each grade has a specific use,and each may present an individual finishing problem. Thecommon grades are classified as:X1.1.1 Martensitic, or hardenable magnetic chromiumgrades. UNS Types S40300, S40500, S40600, S41000,S41400, S41600, S42000, S43100, S44002, S44003, andS44004 are the more common alloys of this grade.X1.1.2 Ferritic, or nonhardenable magnetic chromiumgrades. UNS Types S43000, S43020, and S44600
