1、Designation: C1479 10 C1479 12Standard Practice forInstallation of Precast Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, andCulvert Pipe Using Standard Installations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1479; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast concrete pipe intended to be use
3、d for the conveyance of sewage, industrialwastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.1.2 This practice is the inch-pound companion to Practice ; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this practice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if
4、any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Rela
5、ted ProductsC1417 Specification for Manufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe for Direct DesignC1479M Practice for Installation of Precast Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe Using Standard Installations(Metric)D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Chara
6、cteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700kN-m/m3)D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System
7、)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System2.2 AASHTO Standards:3Standard Specifications for Highway BridgesM 145 Classification of Soils and SoilAggregate Mi
8、xtures for Highway Construction PurposesT 99 The Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 5.5 lb (2.5 kg) Rammer and a 12-in. (305 mm) DropT 180 The Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using a 10 lb (4.54 kg) Rammer and an 18-in. (457 mm) DropT 310 In-Place Density and Moisture Content of Soil an
9、d SoilAggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)2.3 ASCE Standards:4ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of Buried Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations(SIDD)3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.3.2 For termin
10、ology related to soil classifications, see Practice D2487 and Practice D2488.3.3 For terminology and definitions of terms relating to structural design, see ASCE 15.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.0
11、5 on Special Projects.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010Sept. 1, 2012. Published October 2010October 2012. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20072010 asC1479 07a.C1479 10. DOI: 10.1520/C1479-10.10.1520/C1479-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
12、www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., N
13、W, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.4 Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication
14、of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be consider
15、ed the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.4 Fig. 1 illustrates the definitions and limits of the terms: foundation, subgrade, bedding, outer bedding, middle bedding,haunch, lower side, backfill or over
16、fill, invert, crown, springline, top of pipe, and bottom of pipe as used in this practice.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owners engineer in preparing project specifications.5. NotationsDi = inside diameter of pipe, in.Do = outside diameter of pi
17、pe, in.H = design height of earth above top of pipe, ft.w = unit weight of soil, lb/ft3.6. Standard Installations6.1 The precast concrete pipe/soil system shall be constructed to conform to the requirements of Figs. 2 and 3 and Tables 1 and2 as designated on the plans.7. Excavation7.1 When rock or o
18、ther unyielding foundation material is encountered, it shall be removed at least to the requirements shownin Figs. 2 and 3 and Tables 1 and 2. Overexcavated areas shall be backfilled with approved materials and compacted to at leastthe standard proctor density specified for the bedding.FIG. 1 Pipe/I
19、nstallation TerminologyC1479 1227.2 Where surface water or groundwater conditions exist, the site and trench shall be dewatered.8. Foundation8.1 The foundation shall be moderately firm to hard in situ soil, stabilized soil, or compacted fill material.8.2 When unsuitable or unstable material is encou
20、ntered, the foundation shall be stabilized.8.3 Methods to prevent migration of soil fines shall be provided when groundwater or existing soil conditions are conduciveto particle migration. Gravelly soils, with little or no fines, could migrate under certain conditions, causing lack of support.8.4 Pi
21、pe installed over an unyielding foundation shall be cushioned so as to prevent blasting shock when future blasting isanticipated in the area.9. Bedding9.1 The bedding shall be constructed uniformly over the full length of the pipe barrel, as required for the designated standardinstallation, to distr
22、ibute the loadbearing reaction uniformly on the pipe barrel over its full length, and to maintain the required pipegrade. See Fig. 4. If placed in layers, the thickness of the layers shall be as required to achieve the specified compaction and asrequired by the project specifications.9.2 The bedding
23、 layers for standard installation Types 1, 2, and 3 shall be placed to be as uniform as possible, but shall beloosely placed uncompacted material under the middle third of the pipe prior to placement of the pipe.9.3 The maximum aggregate size shall be 1 in. when the bedding thickness is less than 6
24、in. and 112-in. when the beddingthickness is 6 in. or greater, except as noted in 9.4.9.4 When in situ soils conforming to project specifications are used in constructing the bedding for Type 3 and 4 installations,the maximum aggregate size shall not be greater than 3 in., or half the bedding thickn
25、ess, whichever is less.9.5 The use of aggregate sizes larger than 1 in. shall be limited to 20 % of the bedding material by weight.9.6 Bell holes shall be excavated in the bedding or foundation, or both, when installing pipe with expanded bells so that the pipeis supported by the barrel and not by t
26、he bells. See Fig. 4.9.7 Any outer bedding under the lower side areas shall be compacted to at least the same requirements as for the lower sideareas.FIG. 2 Standard Embankment InstallationsC1479 12310. Pipe Placement and Joining10.1 Pipe shall be installed to the line and grade shown on the project
27、 plans and specifications. The joint shall be as specifiedin the project specifications and shall be installed in accordance with the pipe manufacturers recommendations.NOTE 1(Advisory) Where practical, work should be started at the lowest end of the pipeline and the pipe laid with the bell end upgr
28、ade.10.2 If required, the top of the pipe section being laid shall be positioned to the correct rotational orientation and then joined.10.3 The bedding grade under the middle third of the pipe outside diameter shall be prepared before laying the pipe section.Making adjustments in grade by exerting f
29、orce on the barrel of the pipe with excavating equipment, by lifting and dropping thepipe, or by lifting the pipe and packing bedding material under it shall be prohibited. If the installed pipe section is not on grade,the pipe section shall be completely unjoined, the grade corrected, and the pipe
30、then rejoined.11. Haunch11.1 The haunch shall be constructed using the specified soil type and the minimum compaction level required for thedesignated standard installation. It shall be placed and compacted uniformly for the full length of the pipe barrel so as to distributethe load-bearing reaction
31、 uniformly to the bedding over the full length of the pipe barrel. If placed in layers, the thickness of thelayers shall be as required to achieve the specified compaction and as required by the project specifications.11.2 The maximum aggregate size for the haunch shall be the same as the maximum ag
32、gregate size in the bedding as definedin 9.3, except as noted in 11.3.11.3 When in situ soils conforming to project specifications are used in constructing the pipe haunches for Type 3 and 4installations, the maximum aggregate size shall not be greater than 3 in.11.4 The use of aggregate sizes large
33、r than 1 in. shall be limited to 20 % of the haunch material by weight.11.5 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted to the specified density uniformly on each side of the pipe to prevent lateraldisplacement of the pipe.NOTE 1Clearance between pipe and trench wall shall be adequate to enable spe
34、cified compaction but not less than Do/6.FIG. 3 Standard Trench InstallationsC1479 12412. Lower Side12.1 The lower side, if not in situ, shall be constructed using the specified soil type and the minimum compaction level requiredfor the designated standard installation. If placed in layers, the thic
35、kness of the layers shall be as required to achieve the specifiedcompaction and as required by the project specifications.12.2 The soil, if not in situ, shall be material conforming to the project specifications, and contain no debris, organic matter,frozen material, or large stones with a diameter
36、greater than one half the thickness of the compacted layers being placed.12.3 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted to the specified density uniformly on each side of the pipe to prevent lateraldisplacement of the pipe.13. Overfill13.1 Overfill shall be constructed as specified in the project
37、 specifications. If placed in layers, the thickness of the layers shallbe as required to achieve the specified compaction and as required by the project specifications.13.2 The soil shall be material conforming to the project specifications, and contain no debris, organic matter, frozen material,or
38、large stones with a diameter greater than one half the thickness of the compacted layers being placed.13.3 Placed soil shall be deposited and compacted to the specified density uniformly on each side of the pipe to prevent lateraldisplacement of the pipe. The overfill placed within one outside diame
39、ter of the pipe that is above the springline and below thetop of the pipe shall be compacted to at least the same density as the majority of the overfill above the pipe.13.4 When impact or vibratory equipment is used for compaction, care shall be taken to avoid damaging the pipe.pipe,particularly fo
40、r installations with less than 2 ft of earthfill over the pipe. Contractor shall demonstrate to the satisfaction of theengineer that the installation process will not result in damage to the pipe.TABLE 1 Standard Embankment Installation Soils and Minimum Compaction RequirementsNOTE 1Compaction and s
41、oil symbols (that is, 95 % Category I) refer to a soil material category with a minimum standard proctor density. See Table3 for equivalent modified proctor values and soil types.NOTE 2Type 1 installations require greater soil stiffness from the surrounding soils than the Type 2, 3, and 4 installati
42、ons. Proper field verificationof soil properties and compaction levels must be performed to ensure compliance with the design requirements. See Appendix X2 for more informationand guidance.NOTE 3For Type 1 installation, crushed rock is not an appropriate material for bedding under the pipe. An uncom
43、pacted, non-crushed material mustbe used under the middle third of the pipe outside diameter. While crushed rock meeting the requirements of this specification may self compact vertically,it will not flow laterally to provide support for the haunches of the pipe. To achieve a 90 to 95 % compaction w
44、ith crushed rock, work material underthe haunch and compact it to achieve the specified density. Otherwise, the specified installation is not achieved.NOTE 4Soil in the outer bedding, haunch, and lower side zones, except within Do/3 from the pipe springline, shall be compacted to at least the sameco
45、mpaction as the majority of soil in the overfill zone.NOTE 5Required bedding thickness is the thickness of the bedding prior to placement of the pipe.NOTE 6A subtrench is defined as a trench with its top below finished grade by more than 0.1 H or, for roadways, its top is at an elevation lower than1
46、 ft below the bottom of the pavement base material.The minimum width of a subtrench shall be 1.33 Do, or wider, if required for adequate space to attain the specified compaction in the haunch andbedding zones.For subtrenches, except within Do/3 from the springline, any portion of the lower side zone
47、 in the subtrench wall shall be at least as firm as an equivalentsoil placed to the compaction requirements specified for the lower side zone and as firm as the majority of soil in the overfill zone, or it shall be removedand replaced with soil compacted to the specified level.NOTE 7“Dumped” materia
48、l without additional compactive effort will not provide the design haunch support required for Type 1 and 2 installations,and it should be checked for Type 3 installations.InstallationTypeBeddingThicknessHaunch andOuter BeddingLowerSideType 1 Do/24 minimum; not less than 3 in. If rockfoundation, use
49、 Do/12 minimum; not less than 6in.95 % Category I 90 % Category I,95 % Category II,or 100 % Category IIIType 2 Do/24 minimum; not less than 3 in. If rockfoundation, use Do/12 minimum; not less than 6in.90 % Category I or95 % Category II85 % Category I,90 % Category II,or 95 % Category IIIType 3 Do/24 minimum; not less than 3 in. If rockfoundation, use Do/12 minimum; not less than 6in.85 % Category I,90 % Category II, or95 % Category III85 % Category I,90 % Category II, or95 % Category IIIType 4 No bedding required, except if rock foundation,use Do/12 minimu
