1、2010年中国人民大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 Today scientists have a greater understanding of genetics and its role in_or ganisms. （ A） live （ B） life （ C） living （ D） alive 2 The news commentator says that the argument the speaker has presented does not_ water. （ A） have （ B） contain （ C
2、） include （ D） hold 3 Terrorists murder and kidnap people, _ bombs, hijack airplanes, set fires, and commit other serious crimes. （ A） light up （ B） set off （ C） plant in （ D） ignite 4 Television has become quite a vigorous activity. Sitting up is exhausting so most people _down while watching telev
3、ision. （ A） lay （ B） lie （ C） lying （ D） lied 5 If each of us does our part little by little, we can_ the lifespan of our planet and ourselves. （ A） enlarge （ B） expand （ C） increase （ D） grow 6 The role of American women_significantly from the time the nation was born, to the modern era of the 1950
4、s and 1960s. （ A） has changed （ B） has been changed （ C） changed （ D） had been changed 7 Financial statement is a financial report or record_usually on a quarterly and annually basis which provides an individuals, an organizations, or bussinesss financial states. （ A） competed （ B） compiled （ C） col
5、lated （ D） contested 8 Management operates through various_, often classified as planning, organ leading/ motivating and controlling. （ A） foundations （ B） functions （ C） roles （ D） relations 9 The Jatakana culture encompasses every _ of life from beliefs, superstitions, and practices to art, educat
6、ion and tourism. （ A） respect （ B） inspect （ C） aspect （ D） suspect 10 Organizational culture can be defined as a system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and_behaviors of its members. （ A） guides （ B） indicates （ C） controls （ D） supervises 11 Everyone in American th
7、ese days seems to be_with his or her physical fitness, and everyone is talking about getting in shape. （ A） concerned （ B） allured （ C） connected （ D） attracted 12 The Internet has been around for an almost equal amount of time as most forms of media, but only recently_a popular way of retrieving in
8、formation. （ A） has it become （ B） it has became （ C） it becomes （ D） does it become 13 Censorship a word that seems to be_quite controversy over certain people, may not be such a bad idea. （ A） arguing （ B） attacking （ C） causing （ D） discussing 14 We are living in the midst of a great chemical exp
9、eriment and some_consequences are becoming apparent to scientists. （ A） cereal （ B） serial （ C） series （ D） serious 15 For the last 20 years or so the subject of global warming has_heated debate among the worlds brightest minds. （ A） spawned （ B） injected （ C） modeled （ D） moved 16 In todays modern
10、society alcohol addiction and alcohol_has become one of the most complex life-threatening issues. （ A） infuse （ B） abuse （ C） reduce （ D） refuse 17 He argued that the_of firearms in America is an illegal act, and degrades the values this country was founded on. （ A） banning （ B） prohibit （ C） vote （
11、 D） forbid 18 Advocates of private school argue that education in one of these facilities is more valuable and _than any other educational opportunity. （ A） awarded （ B） awarding （ C） rewarded （ D） rewarding 19 Children are often_sports at an early age. As they get older and start school they partic
12、ipate in sports as a way both to make new friends and be active. （ A） exposed to （ B） spoiled by （ C） indulged in （ D） worried about 20 Although the study of genetics is an entirely new field, it_mankind for many years. （ A） has combined （ B） has interested in （ C） has involved （ D） has fascinated 二
13、、 Reading Comprehension 20 In 1987, H. I. V/AIDS joined a list of that could keep a person out of the United States. The government later tried to cancel its decision, but congress made the travel ban a part of immigration law. People with H. I. V. , the virus that causes AIDS, could seek an excepti
14、on, but that meant extra work. Last year, Congress and President George W. Bush began the process of ending the travel ban. Now President Obama is finishing the process. BARACK OBAMA : “We talk about reducing the stigma of this disease, yet we have treated a visitor living with it as a threat. We le
15、ad the world when it comes to helping the AIDS pandemic, yet we are only a dozen countries that still bar people H. I. V. from entering our country. “ A final rule published Monday will end the travel ban effective January fourth. H. I. V. will no longer be a condition that can exclude people. And H
16、. I. V. testing will no longer for those who need a medical examination for immigration purposes. AIDS has killed more than twenty-five people since the early 1980s. In September, there was news that a vaccine showed some ability to prevent H. I. V. infection in humans for the first time. The full r
17、esults of the vaccine study were presented in later October at an international conference in Paris. They were also reported in the New England Journal of Medicine. The researchers confirmed that the study in Thailand produced only “modest“ results. The United States Army sponsored the vaccine trial
18、. The study combined two vaccines, using versions of H. I. V. common in Thailand. Neither vaccine alone had shown success in earlier studies. Thai researchers tested the combination in more than 16,000 volunteers. Half of the volunteers got the vaccine. The others got a placebo, an inactive substanc
19、e. All were given condoms and counseling on AIDS prevention for three years. The study found 31 percent fewer cases of infection in the vaccine group than in the placebo group. But critics said the findings could possibly have resulted from chance. The announcement in September was based on all 16,0
20、00 volunteers. Almost one-third of them, however didnt follow all the required steps in the study. Results just from those who did were similar to the larger group, but the influence of chance is way more of a possibility. Still, the researchers said the study produced enough valuable information to
21、 offer new hopes for AIDS research. 21 According to the article, _did not want people with H. I. V. virus to seek entry to America twenty years ago. （ A） George Bush （ B） Obama （ C） the Congress （ D） the Senate 22 According to this article, it was _who sponsored that medical experiment to find vacci
22、ne for H. I. V. carriers. （ A） the Thai Government （ B） the French Government （ C） the scientist from New England （ D） the Unite States Army 23 From the article we can infer that 8,000 volunteers in_were given the vaccine. （ A） Thailand （ B） the United States of America （ C） France （ D） Canada 24 Ac
23、cording to the article, which one of the following statements is true? （ A） America was the only country that prevented people with H. I. V. from entering the country. （ B） Only a few countries refused to issue entry visa to people with H. I. V. （ C） The conference held in Paris was on AIDS preventi
24、on. （ D） The vaccine test conducted in Thailand produced important results. 25 According to the critics, the findings of the test_. （ A） has produced enough valuable information （ B） should not be taken seriously （ C） has produced reliable statistics （ D） has paved a solid foundation for further res
25、earch 25 “ Two hundred eight million, two hundred nine million, two hundred ten million.“ That is the sound of solid waste hitting the bottom of garbage cans all over United States in 1996. Solid wastes are materials that are discarded or thrown away after use by consumers and businesses. This does
26、not include fluid materials. During that year, Americans threw away 210 million tons(about 43 pounds/20 kilograms per person daily)of garbage. We throw away 12. 4 million tons of glass and about 80 million tons of paper products. America also throws away large amounts(in tons)of food scraps, yard wa
27、stes, plastics, sludge from sewage treatment plants, and other materials. That is almost a mountain of garbage. Even though we make an effort to recycle and compost our solid waste, the amount of how to keep it from polluting our environment. If solid waste is disposed of incorrectly, it can contami
28、nate our surface and underground water supplies. Currently, our municipal waste or waste collected by our cities and towns, goes to landfills. Today, about 85% our garbage goes to landfills or garbage dumps. This waste must be treated to keep rats, flies and other animals from building their home in
29、 the landfills. The treat also prevents the growth of bacteria and other organism that carry diseases. So, how do we handle this mountain of garbage? Scientists have come up with different methods for handling our waste problem. One type of waste disposal called sanitary landfill was first used in F
30、resno California, in 1937. In sanitary landfill, the solid waste is spread in thin layers that compacted and covered with a layer of earth. This is a more expensive method, but it takes away the hazards that are caused by landfills. It also allowed the land to be used for building or recreation. The
31、 negative of the landfills is that its tough to find open land and this process is very expensive. The land also needs its water sources protected so that the water will not pollute the water supply. Landfill(water dumps)and sanitary landfills rely on the natural biodegradability of the solid wastes
32、. Solid wastes are biodegradable if they can decay or break down through the action of living organisms and return to the earth. However certain materials take longer to decay than others, and some materials do not decay or decompose at all. Scientists need to find other methods of waste disposal. I
33、ncineration and recycling are methods that are currently in use today. 26 This passage is about disposal problem of solid waste_. （ A） by consumers （ B） in California （ C） by municipal government （ D） in America 27 From the article we can infer that_. （ A） treatment of the solid is a hard nut to cra
34、ck （ B） solution for proper disposal will be found soon （ C） California set a good example in solid waste in 1930s （ D） the government remains confident about the solid waste 28 According to the article, about_is dumped to landfills. （ A） 12. 4 million tons of garbage （ B） 80 million tons of garbage
35、 （ C） 85% on the garbage （ D） 92.4 tons of garbage 29 The word “recycle“(Line 1, Paragraph 2)means_. （ A） to send something far away （ B） to throw something away to the right place （ C） to convert waste into reusable material （ D） to turn into fertilizers 30 According to the article, which one of th
36、e following is NOT true? （ A） Solid waste does not include fluid materials. （ B） Sanitary landfill is a type of waste disposal method once used in California. （ C） Burning is not a method that is used today. （ D） Composting is still one of the ways to handle the mountain of the garbage. 30 Who would
37、 have thought we would become a planet of “ologies“? Theres biology, psychology, herpetology, etymology, and geology just to name a few. However, one “ology“ truly helps us to understand the most part of our planet, our environment. Ecology(which is filled with ecologists)is the study of ecosystems
38、and the beings and organisms that inhabit those ecosystems. Just think, in condition of bees, deer and other organisms, you are important to ecologists. Ecosystems are communities that vary in size and location. They can be as small as a patch of glass or as large as the entire biosphere. The many v
39、arieties of plants and animals that exist in our planet ecosystems are important to our ecosystems. Plants in particular provide oxygen and nutrients all organisms need to survive. These producers have the ability to use the suns energy to produce food(think photosynthesis). This is where the animal
40、s and consumers become important. The animals get their energy by eating the plants and other organisms within the ecosystem. Without the producers and consumers, decomposers would not have a job. As you may have guests, decomposers, like bacteria, step in broken down, the organic materials are abso
41、rbed by the soil and gases are sent back into our atmosphere. The whole process is ready to start again through the Earths natural cycles. There has to be a balance of producers, consumers, decomposers in order to remain a balanced ecosystem. Remember, all organisms need matter and energy to survive
42、. An ecosystem is balanced when matter and energy move efficiently through those ecosystems. Just as your backpack has a limit on the number of huge textbooks it can carry at any given time, all ecosystems have a limit on the populations they can maintain. Carrying capacity is the largest population
43、 an ecosystem can support at any particular time. The support of this population depends on the amount of resources(matter and energy)that are available and the movement of those resources within that ecosystem. If energy and matter are moving efficiently through an ecosystem, then the current popul
44、ation of plants and animals has not reached beyond the ecosystems the ecosystems carrying capacity. Once resources dwindle or animal populations increase dramatically, the ecosystem may not be able to support those populations. Fortunately, nature has three ways to control the balance of ecosystems:
45、 ecological responses to change, energy transfer, and food chains and food webs. 31 The purpose of starting the article with the word-ending “ology“(Line 1, Paragraph 1)is_. （ A） to trace the origin of “ology“ （ B） to give an example for the meaning of “ology“ （ C） to introduce me term “ecology“ （ D
46、） to illustrate the importance of balancing the ecosystems 32 According to this article, the ecosystems_. （ A） are in danger of being destroyed （ B） are very small in size （ C） refer only to the entire biosphere （ D） vary greatly in size and location 33 According to the article, the word “producers“
47、(Line 4, Paragraph 2)refers to_. （ A） plants （ B） animals （ C） ecologists （ D） consumers 34 We can infer from the article that in the ecosystem the job for the “decomposer“(Line 7-8, Paragraph 2)is to_. （ A） absorb the suns energy （ B） produce oxygen and nutrients （ C） break down the dung and the re
48、mains of dead organ （ D） eat the plants and animals 35 According to the article, _has three ways to control the balance of the ecosystems. （ A） human beings （ B） the environment （ C） animals and plants （ D） nature 35 In modern days, on the western bank of the upper Tigris River stands an Iraqi city
49、called Qalat Shartlat. Thousands of years ago, this very site was once the capital of a great Mesopotamian empire. At the lime, the place had a different name. It was called Ashur or Arrur. The word Ashur eventually gave rise to the team Assyria, which was the northern part of Mesopotamia. People living in that region later became known as the Assyrians. Historians often divide the long history of Assyria into
