1、2011年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷及答案与解析 一、 Structure and Vocabulary 1 Which sport has the most expenses _ training equipment, players personal equipment and uniforms? （ A） in place of （ B） in terms of （ C） by means of （ D） by way of 2 All_is a steady supply of water to the farmland. （ A） which needs （ B） that is ne
2、eded （ C） the thing is needed （ D） need 3 Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _obtaining water is not the least. （ A） for which （ B） to which （ C） of which （ D） in which 4 What he said just now had little to do with the question_discussion. （ A） on （ B） in （ C） under （ D） at 5
3、Much_ her relief and joy, she heared that her son had come back safe and sound. （ A） to （ B） for （ C） with （ D） as 6 By the time you get to New York, I_for London. （ A） would be leaving （ B） am leaving （ C） have already left （ D） shall have left 7 The fire was finally brought under control, but not_
4、 extensive damage had been caused. （ A） before （ B） since （ C） after （ D） as 8 We hadnt met for twenty years, but I recognized her_I saw her. （ A） the moment （ B） for the moment （ C） the moment when （ D） at the moment when 9 The_ of finding gold in California attracted a lot of people to settle down
5、 there. （ A） prospects （ B） speculations （ C） stakes （ D） provisions 10 At 7 oclock tomorrow evening, I _ a walk in the neighbourhood. So you wont find me at home then. （ A） shall take （ B） will take （ C） shall be taking （ D） am taking 11 Helen_into the river but that I caught her. （ A） had fallen （
6、 B） would fall （ C） fell （ D） would have fallen 12 She ought not_him about the truth, but she did. （ A） to tell （ B） telling （ C） to have told （ D） having told 13 However, at times this balance in nature is_, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseen effects. （ A） troubled （ B） disturbed （ C） con
7、fused （ D） puzzled 14 There has been a great increase in retail sales, _? （ A） does there （ B） isnt there （ C） hasn t there （ D） isnt it 15 He soon received promotion, for his superiors realized that he was a man of considerable _. （ A） ability （ B） future （ C） possibility （ D） opportunity 16 The ne
8、ighborhood boys like to play basketball on that_lot. （ A） valid （ B） vain （ C） vacant （ D） vague 17 Each persons genetic code is unique except_identical twins. （ A） in case of （ B） in the case of （ C） the point in case （ D） a case of 18 It is useful to be able to predict the extent_which a price cha
9、nge will affect supply and demand. （ A） from （ B） with （ C） to （ D） for 19 He hoped the firm would_him to the Paris branch. （ A） exchange （ B） transmit （ C） transfer （ D） remove 20 He wrote an article criticizing the Greek poet and won_and a scholarship. （ A） faith （ B） status （ C） fame （ D） courage
10、 21 The association works to promote the_of retired people as active and useful members of the community. （ A） action （ B） aspect （ C） location （ D） status 22 Everyone should be_to a decent standard of living and an opportunity to be educated. （ A） attributed （ B） entitled （ C） identified （ D） justi
11、fied 23 I wish I_to the movies with you last night. （ A） have gone （ B） could go （ C） could have gone （ D） went 24 All flights_because of the storm, they decided to take the train. （ A） having canceled （ B） having been canceled （ C） were canceled （ D） have been canceled 25 The_ action of the policem
12、en saved the people in the house from being burnt. （ A） supreme （ B） significant （ C） prompt （ D） vital 26 There seems to be no alternative but_the offer. （ A） accept （ B） to accept （ C） accepting （ D） having accepted 27 John Dewey believed that eduction should be a preparation for life, that a pers
13、on learns by doing, and that teaching must_the curiosity and creativity of children. （ A） seek （ B） stimulate （ C） shape （ D） secure 28 If I had a car of my own, I_it to your sister yesterday. （ A） will lend （ B） would lend （ C） should lend （ D） would have lent 29 It is sometimes claimed that Americ
14、a is a_pot of different races. （ A） burning （ B） burnt （ C） melting （ D） melted 30 He had scarcely left the railway station_it started to rain. （ A） than （ B） then （ C） when （ D） since 二、 Reading Comprehension 30 Very old people do raise moral problems for almost everyone who comes in contact with t
15、hem. Their valuesthis cant be repeated too oftenare not necessarily our values. Physical comfort, cleanness and order are necessarily the most important things. The social services from time to time find themselves faced with a flat with decaying food covered by small worms, and an old person lying
16、alone on bed, taking no notice of the worms. But is it interfering with personal freedom to insist that they go to live with some of their relatives so that they might be taken better care of ? Some social workers, the ones who clear up the worms, think we are in danger of carrying this concept of p
17、ersonal freedom to the point where serious risks are being taken with the health and safety of the old. Indeed, the old can be easily hurt or harmed. The body is like a car, it needs more mechanical maintenance as it gets older. You can carry this comparison right through to the provision of spare p
18、arts. But never forget that such operations are painful experiences, however good the results. And at what point should you cease to treat the old body? Is it morally right to try to push off death by pursuing the development of drugs to excite the forgetful old mind and to activate the old body, kn
19、owing that it is designed to die? You cannot ask doctors or scientists to decide, because so long as they can see the technical opportunities, they will feel bound to give them a try on the principle that while theres life, theres hope. ? When you talk to the old people, however, you are forced to t
20、he conclusion that whether age is happy or unpleasant depends less on money or on health than it does on your ability to have sun. 31 It is implied in Paragraph 1 that_. （ A） very old people enjoy living with their relatives （ B） social services have nothing to do with very old people （ C） very old
21、people would like to live alone so that they can have more personal freedom （ D） very old people are able to keep their rooms very clean 32 Some social workers think that_. （ A） health and safety are more important than personal freedom （ B） personal freedom is more important than health and safety
22、（ C） old people should keep their rooms clean （ D） one should not take the risk of dealing with old people 33 In the authors opinion, _. （ A） the human body cant be compared to a car （ B） the older a person, the more care he needs （ C） too much emphasis has been put on old peoples values （ D） it is
23、easy to provide spare parts for old people 34 The word “it“ in the last paragraph refers to_. （ A） the conclusion you have come to （ B） your talk to the old people （ C） whether age is happy or unpleasant （ D） ones money or ones health 35 The author thinks that_. （ A） medical decisions for old people
24、 should be left to the doctors （ B） old people can enjoy a happy life only if they are very rich （ C） the opinion that we should try every means possible to save old people is doubtful （ D） it is always morally right to treat old people and push off death 35 The loudest outcry(呐喊 )about poverty seem
25、ed to come in the wealthiest country by farin the world. According to most calculations, through most of the 19451970 period the United States had a standard of living well above Europes and many times above the world average. Yet protests about grinding poverty, hunger, and dreadful need proceed mo
26、re from the United States than from countries with one-fortieth of their living standard.(An annual per capita income of eight dollars is typical of much of Africa and Asia and not a little of South America.)It would seem strange to these people(were they only aware of the fact)that American radical
27、s demand a retreat from an American commitment to the far corners of the globe so that the money thus saved can be spent raising the standard of living of underprivileged Americans. What this last point suggests is not so much that human wants are never to be satisfied though this is doubtlessly tru
28、e, and the American living in suburb deprived of his second car and his color TV suffers just as acutely as an African farmer in need of a second cow and a screen door. Rather, it suggests the extent of contemporary breach(违反 )of social norm(标准 )the emancipation(解放 )of the individual self. People ha
29、ve learned that their wants are sacred and rights ought to be satisfied. They have learned to consider any obstacle to personal fulfillment and intolerable insult. They have greatly expanded the circle of self-awareness. They no longer accept sharp limitations on individual desires in the name of th
30、e group. The amount of potential human discontent has always been infinitemisery, failure, misfitting, bitterness, hatred, envy beyond telling. It has usually failed of utterance, and in the past it was accepted passively as being beyond help. 36 According to the passage, most complaints over a poor
31、 living standard were made by those who came from_. （ A） the United States （ B） Asian countries （ C） the European Community （ D） Commonwealth of Nations 37 The average income for each American a year during the 1960s was most likely in the neighborhood of_. （ A） 1 120 dollars （ B） 40 dollars （ C） 32
32、0 dollars （ D） 80 dollars 38 In order to improve the standard of living of poor Americans, the extremists in the States demand_. （ A） a full tax relief on citizen living overseas （ B） a stop to arm race against nations far away （ C） a cut in financial assistance to poor countries （ D） a favorable ba
33、lance of trade with foreign countries 39 The real cause for the most fortunate people to protest about poverty lies in_. （ A） added consciousness of self （ B） their economic status （ C） limitations of human nature （ D） conflict in class interests 40 From the last sentence, it can be safely inferred
34、that outcry about poverty in effect involves peoples_. （ A） ability to suffer a hard life （ B） understanding of their rights （ C） political attitude toward the government （ D） whole outlook on different life styles 40 The more time scientists spend designing computers the more they marvel at the hum
35、an brain. Tasks that baffle(难住 )the most advanced supercomputerrecognizing a face, reading a handwritten noteare childs play for the 3-pound organ. Most important, unlike any conventional computer, the brain can learn from its mistakes. Researchers have tried for years to program computers to imitat
36、e the brains abilities, but without success. Now a growing number of designers believe they have the answer: if a computer is to function more like a person and less like an over-grown calculator, it must be built more like a brain, which distributes information across a vast interconnected web of n
37、erve cells, or neurons. Conventional computers function by following a chainlike sequence of detailed instructions. Although very fast, their processors can perform only one task at a time. This approach works best in solving problems that can be broken down into simpler logical pieces. The processo
38、rs in a neural-network computer, by contrast, form a network much like the nerve cells in the brain. Since these artificial neurons are interconnected, they can share information and perform tasks at the same time. This two-dimensional approach works best at recognizing patterns. Instead of programm
39、ing a neural-network computer to make decisions, its maker trains it to recognize patterns in any solution to a problem by repeatedly feeding examples to the machine. Neural networks come in all shapes and sizes. Until now most exist as software simulations(模拟品 )because redesigning computer chips to
40、ok a lot of time and money. By experimenting with different approaches through software rather than hardware, scientists have been able to avoid costly mistakes. 41 It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the most advanced supercomputer_. （ A） can recognize a face and read a handwritten not
41、e （ B） can learn from its mistakes （ C） weighs only 3 pounds （ D） cannot distribute information across an interconnected web of nerve cells 42 What is NOT true of a conventional computer? （ A） It must be programmed before it works. （ B） It can only solve one problem at a time. （ C） It is good at sol
42、ving one problem at a time （ D） It is trained to recognize patterns instead of making decisions. 43 The main feature of a neural-network computer is that_. （ A） its processors act as an interconnected web of neurons （ B） it is programmed to make decisions （ C） its networks are of all shapes and size
43、s （ D） its neurons are artificial 44 The expression “this two-dimensional approach“ in the second paragraph refers to_. （ A） the conventional computer and the neural computer （ B） making decisions and recognizing patterns （ C） sharing information and performing tasks （ D） the computer and the human
44、brain 45 Scientists use software rather than hardware in their experiments because_. （ A） it can avoid redesigning computer chips （ B） it can save a lot of time and money （ C） it can avoid making mistakes （ D） it is more like the human brain 45 Barbie Dolls Flashy clothes, the perfect boyfriend, a C
45、orvette, Ferrari, full size apartment with beautiful furniture and boat. Shes the woman who has everything and every year receives more. Since her introduction in 1959, the Barbie doll may be the most influential icon of American culture in the late twentieth century. 【 1】 She attracted little girls
46、 because of her adult-like features. Before this, children looked at toys like Yogi Bear, Howdy Doody, and baby dolls for inspiration. With the creation of Barbie, girls now had a new toy to stimulate their imaginations. In the 1950s most women stayed at home, cooking, cleaning and caring for their
47、children; they didnt parade around in tight little skirts and high heels. The Barbie doll represented independence and glamour: she could sing solos in the spotlight one minute and pilot an airplane the next. She was exciting and completely different from the clinging Betsy Westsys and Chatty Cathys
48、 that little girls were used to. In Forever Barbie: The Unauthorized Biography of a Real Doll, M. G. Lord tells the story of Barbies creators. Ruth Handler, the youngest of ten siblings(同胞 ), worked as a stenographer for Paramount Pictures as a young woman. Her husband Elliott designed light fixture
49、s and studied art. 【 2】 The Handlers began the factory in their garage but quickly expanded until they had hired a hundred workers who made jewelry and decorative items. World War II shortages of labor soon put them out of business. Despite their first failure, the Handlers didnt give up and, in 1945, they joined with Harold Matson, a fo
