1、GMAT（ VERBAL）逻辑推理模拟试卷 10及答案与解析 1 Regional and local telephone companies around the nation are beginning to offer customers an electronic operator system that allows customers to choose to make some operator-assisted calls through an electronic operator. Nevertheless, the number of human operators on
2、 staff will not be reduced in the foreseeable future. Each of the following statements, if true, helps explain why the number of human operators is not being reduced EXCEPT: （ A） Demand for opera tor-assisted calls is increasing dramatically. （ B） The new electronic operator system, though it has be
3、en tested, is expected to require significant adjustments before it can become fully operational. （ C） The operators union would be quick to strike the companies involved if operators were dismissed during the current contract period. （ D） In one regional trial of the electronic system, virtually al
4、l consumers, given a choice, preferred a human operator to an electronic one. （ E） The new electronic operator system will complete operator-assisted calls twice as fast as human operator can. 2 A significant reduction in caloric intake, if accompanied by vitamin supplements, will double the life sp
5、an of laboratory mice. Mice fed 40 percent of the standard food allowance had twice the life expectancy of mice in a group that was fed the standard allowance. If the information above is accurate, each of the following statements, if true, would help explain why the laboratory mice on the reduced a
6、llowance lived twice as long as the mice fed on the standard allowance EXCEPT: （ A） The lack of food reduces a mouse s metabolic rate, thereby limiting wear and tear on the mouses body. （ B） A lower-calorie diet delays the aging of the immune system and thus protects the mouse from some diseases tha
7、t usually cause death. （ C） A drastic reduction in caloric intake signals the hormonal system to delay the aging process. （ D） Mice that are fed less than the standard allowance have cells that have life spans that are longer than average. （ E） The vitamin supplements that accompanied the reduced-ca
8、lorie diet did not contribute calories to that diet. 3 Studies have shown that people who rarely take antibiotics, which are antibacterial drugs, have stronger immune systems than do people who take antibiotics frequently. Yet there is no evidence that taking antibiotics weakens the immune system. W
9、hich of the following, if true, best reconciles the apparent discrepancy in the information above? （ A） People who have strong immune systems seldom get the kinds of infections for which people normally take antibiotics. （ B） People who have strong immune systems are seldom aware that their immune s
10、ystems are unusually strong. （ C） People who have weak immune systems have great difficulty recovering from bacterial infections if they do not take antibiotics. （ D） Some people take antibiotics even though the antibiotics cause a variety of side effects. （ E） Some people take antibiotics frequentl
11、y because their doctors prescribe antibiotics for viral infections as well as for bacterial infections. 4 A persons intake of refined sugar and of foods that break down into sugars during digestion is the dietary source of virtually all of the glucose(a type of sugar)that reaches that person s blood
12、stream. Coffee, however, which itself does not break down into sugars during digestion, sometimes causes a persons blood-glucose level to rise dramatically, even if the coffee is consumed without cream or any sweeteners. Which of the following, if true, best helps to explain coffees effect on blood-
13、glucose levels as it is described above? （ A） People often drink coffee after a meal consisting of several types of foods that themselves rapidly break down into sugars during digestion. （ B） Drinking more than two cups of coffee in an hour increases a persons level of stress, and the body reacts to
14、 stress by releasing stored glucose into the blood. （ C） People who eat very few foods that contain refined sugar often have higher blood-glucose levels than people who eat many such foods. （ D） For many people, the consumption of one piece of chocolate cake has the same stimulating effect as one cu
15、p of plain coffee. （ E） People with sedentary office jobs are more likely to drink large amounts of coffee and to have higher blood-glucose levels than are people with jobs requiring constant physical activity. 5 RESULTS OF TWO SURVEYS OF OPINIONS REGARDING THE EFFECTS OF SCIENCE ON HUMAN SOCIETY Re
16、sponses August 1991 August 1992 Mostly beneficial 25% 81% Equally harmful 37% 9% and beneficial Mostly harmful 20% 7% No opinion 18% 3% Which of the following, if true, contributes most to explaining the shift in opinions about the effects of science on human society? （ A） The surveys questioned peo
17、ple who regularly watch prime-time television, and an innovative weekly prime-time television series called “Wonders of Science“ had been steadily winning viewers since its widely seen premiere in January 1992. （ B） The surveys questioned college-educated adults, and a report called “The State of th
18、e Nations Schools.“ published in June 1992, noted an increase in students interest in science courses since 1982. （ C） The surveys were conducted in a suburban shopping area near a company that ceased operation in April 1992 as a result of lawsuits arising from unexpected toxic effects of the compan
19、ys products. （ D） Both survey forms were mailed to equally large samples of the population, after returning the 1991 survey forms, respondents were sent discount coupons for food products, and after returning the 1992 survey forms, respondents were sent a pamphlet on recycling. （ E） The surveys ques
20、tioned first-year college students across the country, and the people who did the questioning were all research scientists. 6 Which of the following most logically completes the argument below? Alone among living species, human beings experience adolescence, a period of accelerated physical growth p
21、rior to full maturity. Whether other hominid species, which are now all extinct and are known only through the fossil record, went through adolescence cannot be known, since_. （ A） the minimum acceleration in physical growth that would indicate adolescence might differ according to species （ B） the
22、fossil record, though steadily expanding, will always remain incomplete （ C） detecting the adolescent growth spurt requires measurements on the same individual at different ages （ D） complete skeletons of extinct hominids are extremely rare （ E） human beings might be the first species to benefit fro
23、m the survival advantages, if any, conferred by adolescence 7 Which of the following can properly be concluded from the data presented in the graph? （ A） The 1962 survey was based on a larger sample than the 1992 survey was. （ B） In the period between the surveys, denying television privileges was n
24、ever the disciplinary technique most popular with parents. （ C） The four disciplinary techniques featured in the graph were the only disciplinary techniques named by parents in either survey. （ D） The 1962 survey allowed parents to name more than one disciplinary technique, but the 1992 survey may n
25、ot have allowed this. （ E） In the period between the surveys, there were no significant changes in the popularity of lecturing children as a disciplinary method. 8 Which of the following most logically completes the argument below? In recent years, the proportion of car buyers who buy new cars rathe
26、r than used cars has declined. Some consumers have attributed this change to an increase in new-car prices. As evidence of the price increase, they cite figures that show that, even adjusting for inflation, the price that the buyer of a new car pays, on average, is far higher now than a few years ag
27、o. This evidence is unpersuasive, however, because_. （ A） the value of a car that is bought new declines much more rapidly than does the value of a car that is bought used （ B） after someone has bought a car, it might be several years before that person next buys a car （ C） a decline in the proporti
28、on of car buyers who buy new cars must necessarily mean that the proportion who buy used cars has increased （ D） the relative increase in used-car sales might be explained by the decisions of only a small proportion of all car buyers （ E） the change in the average price paid for a new car could resu
29、lt solely from more people s rejecting inexpensive new cars in favor of used cars 9 Which of the following, if true, gives the best explanation for the growing disparity in the earning levels of the two groups in the graph presented above? （ A） Since 1985 there has been a decline in the total number
30、 of Ansonians who have only a high school diploma. （ B） Since 1985 the percentage of Ansonians without a college degree who are unemployed has remained relatively constant . （ C） Government financial support for educational research in Ansonia has declined since 1985. （ D） The enactment of generous
31、social security legislation by the Ansonian parliament has allowed many Ansonians with only a high school diploma to retire at full salary at age 63. （ E） The shift in Ansonia from an industrial to a service economy has resulted in a net loss of high-paying jobs traditionally available Ansonians wit
32、h only a high school diploma. 10 Which of the following best completes the passage below? People buy prestige when they buy a premium product. They want to be associated with something special. Mass-marketing techniques and price-reduction strategies should not be used because_. （ A） affluent purcha
33、sers currently represent a shrinking portion of the population of all purchasers （ B） continued sales depend directly on the maintenance of an aura of exclusivity （ C） purchasers of premium products are concerned with the quality as well as with the price of the products （ D） expansion of the market
34、 niche to include a broader spectrum of consumers will increase profits （ E） manufacturing a premium brand is not necessarily more costly than manufacturing a standard brand of the same product 11 In Asia, where palm trees are non-native, the trees flowers have traditionally been pollinated by hand,
35、 which has kept palm fruit productivity unnaturally low. When weevils known to be efficient pollinators of palm flowers were introduced into Asia in 1980, palm fruit productivity increased by up to fifty percent in some areas but then decreased sharply in 1984 . Which of the following statements, if
36、 true, would best explain the 1984 decrease in productivity? （ A） Prices for palm fruit fell between 1980 and 1984 following the rise in production and a concurrent fall in demand. （ B） Imported trees are often more productive than native trees because the imported ones have left behind their pests
37、and diseases in their native lands. （ C） Rapid increases in productivity tend to deplete trees of nutrients needed for the development of the fruit-producing female flowers. （ D） The weevil population in Asia remained at approximately the same level between 1980 and 1984. （ E） Prior to 1980 another
38、species of insect pollinated the Asian palm trees, but not as efficiently as the species of weevil that was introduced in 1980. 12 In January there was a large drop in the number of new houses sold, because interest rates for mortgages were falling and many consumers were waiting to see how low the
39、rates would go. This large sales drop was accompanied by a sharp rise in the average price of new houses sold. Which of the following, if true, best explains the sharp rise in the average price of new houses? （ A） Sales of higher-priced houses were unaffected by the sales drop because their purchase
40、rs have fewer constraints limiting the total amount they pay. （ B） Labor agreements of builders with construction unions are not due to expire until the next January. （ C） The prices of new houses have been rising slowly over the past three years because there is an increasing shortage of housing. （
41、 D） There was a greater amount of moderate-priced housing available for resale by owners during January than in the preceding three months. （ E） Interest rates for home mortgages are expected to rise sharply later in the year if predictions of increased business activity in general prove to be accur
42、ate. 13 Extinction is a process that can depend on a variety of ecological, geographical, and physiological variables. These variables affect different species of organisms in different ways, and should, therefore, yield a random pattern of extinction. However, the fossil record shows that extinctio
43、n occurs in a surprisingly definite pattern, with many species vanishing at the same time. Which of the following, if true, forms the best basis for at lest a partial explanation of the patterned extinction revealed by the fossil record? （ A） Major episodes of extinction can result from widespread e
44、nvironmental disturbances that affect numerous different species. （ B） Certain extinction episodes selectively affect organisms with particular sets of characteristics unique to their species. （ C） Some species become extinct because of accumulated gradual changes in their local environments. （ D） I
45、n geologically recent times, for which there is no fossil record, human intervention has changed the pattern of extinction. （ E） Species that are widely dispersed are the least likely to become extinct. 14 Many institutions of higher education suffer declining enrollments during periods of economic
46、slowdown. At two-year community colleges, however, enrollment figures boom during these periods when many people have less money and there is more competition for jobs. Each of the following, if true, helps to explain the enrollment increases in two-year community colleges described above EXCEPT: （
47、A） During periods of economic slowdown, two-year community colleges are more likely than four-year colleges to prepare their students for the jobs that are still available. （ B） During periods of economic prosperity, graduates of two-year community colleges often continue their studies at four-year
48、colleges. （ C） Tuition at most two-year community colleges is a fraction of that at four-year colleges. （ D） Two-year community colleges devote more resources than do other colleges to attracting those students especially affected by economic slowdowns. （ E） Students at two-year community colleges,
49、but not those at most four-year colleges, can control the cost of their studies by choosing the number of courses they take each term. 15 31 . Hardin argued that grazing land held in common(that is, open to any user)would always be used less carefully than private grazing land. Each rancher would be tempted to overuse common land because the benefits would accrue to the individual, while the costs of reduced land quality that results from overuse would be spread among all users. But a study comparing 217 million acres of common grazing land with 433 million acres o
