1、GMAT（ VERBAL）逻辑推理模拟试卷 11及答案与解析 1 Dear Editor: Joness new book has the potential to destroy reputations of persons who have held high governmental responsibility during national crises. However, readers should dismiss Joness criticisms. Joness antigovernment attitude is well known, and his criticisms
2、 will convince only those like himself, persons who have never had real responsibility and never will, and hence are not qualified to judge. The argument above includes which of the following questionable techniques? （ A） It employs the term “responsibility“ in more than one sense. （ B） It assumes t
3、hat attacking the source of a claim is sufficient to disprove the claim. （ C） It assumes that the majority of people share Joness attitude of opposition to government policies. （ D） It appeals to a person of unreliable authority as a supporter of its position. （ E） It confuses cause and effect. 2 Ma
4、ny pregnant women suffer from vitamin deficiency, but this is frequently not due to vitamin deficiency in their diets; most often it is because they have higher requirements for vitamins than do the rest of the population. The best criticism of the reasoning in the statement above is that it （ A） fa
5、ils to specify the percentage of pregnant women who suffer from vitamin deficiency. （ B） gives insufficient information about why pregnant women have higher vitamin requirements than do other groups. （ C） fails to employ the same reference group for both uses of the term “vitamin deficiency. “ （ D）
6、provides insufficient information about the incidence of vitamin deficiency in other groups with high vitamin requirements. （ E） uses “higher requirements“ in an ambiguous manner. 3 Any United States flag manufactured outside the United States should be banned from importation, since some foreign ma
7、nufacturers superimpose images on the United States flag and sell such products with relative impunity. United States manufacturers, on the other hand, would face penalties for such violations of the United States flag code. Which of the following is the best criticism of the argument above? （ A） Th
8、e argument reiterates its conclusion instead of providing a reason for it. （ B） The argument makes an irrelevant distinction between foreign and United States manufacturers. （ C） The reason given for the ban undermines rather than supports the conclusion. （ D） The reason given for the ban does not e
9、xplain why images superimposed on the United States flag are offensive. （ E） The reason given for the ban applies only to a part of the group of manufacturers whose flags are included in the ban, not necessarily to all. 4 New employees of Ace Industries are complaining about discomfort caused by exc
10、essive noise inside Ace s factory. Experienced Ace factory employees, however, do not suffer any such discomfort. Although Ace accepts responsibility for the health of its employees, it has decided not to issue earplugs to new employees. Ace reasoned that the new employees would also become accustom
11、ed to the noise without using earplugs. Which of the following, if true, indicates a flaw in Ace s decision not to issue earplugs to new employees? （ A） Because the noise in Aces factory is absorbed by soundproof walls, it cannot be heard by Ace executives in their offices. （ B） Many of the new empl
12、oyees interviewed said they would not wear earplugs on the job. （ C） Issuing earplugs to all new employees would be a less effective method of reducing employees exposure to noise than altering the machinery to be less noisy would be. （ D） The experienced employees lack of discomfort is attributable
13、 to hearing loss caused by the factory noise. （ E） The machines in Ace s factory have not become any noisier since the experienced workers were originally hired. 5 The nations biggest retailers reported strong sales during the last six months. During this period of strong sales, profits were weaker
14、than usual. This state of affairs is unusual since or ordinary when sales increase, profits also increase. Which of the following, if true during the last six months, most helps to account for the unusual state of affairs described above? （ A） A decrease in interest rates allowed many retailers to i
15、ncrease their inventories without having to pay high interest that cut into profits. （ B） Sales of womens and children clothing were up by more than 20 percent while sales of mens clothing were up by an insignificant amount. （ C） Two of the largest independent retailers managed to buy their merchand
16、ise at lower prices. （ D） The nations largest retailers attracted more customers by dramatically advertising the amount of money spent on advertising. （ E） Many retailers raised prices in order to take advantage of the recent growth in consumer spending. 6 John: It is permissible and even advisable
17、to execute criminals convicted of brutal murders. Alter all, a publicized execution can serve to deter heinous crimes and thus minimize suffering in the long run. Capital punishment is a kind of societal self-defense. Mary: You are ignoring the prior issue of whether a state or society has the right
18、 to take anyones life. If there is no such right, then, the issue of whether capital punishment deters crime is irrelevant. If it were determined dial capital punishment does not serve to deter crime, Johns and Marys positions would be affected in which of the following ways? （ A） Neither Johns nor
19、Marys position would be affected. （ B） Both Johns and Marys positions would be weakened. （ C） Marys position would be strengthened but Johns position would not be affected. （ D） John s position would be weakened but Mary s position would not be affected. （ E） Johns position would be weakened and Mar
20、ys position would be strengthened. 7 11 . Calvin: Fire insurance policies are disadvantageous to policyholders. The typical policyholder always pays more in premiums than he or she collects in payments on policies. Lorraine: Yes, but policyholders are still right in thinking that it is to their adva
21、ntage to hold an insurance policy. The peace of mind that comes from having an insurance policy is the main advantage to the policyholder. Lorraine addresses Calvin s argument by （ A） questioning the source of Calvins factual information. （ B） introducing a consideration neglected by Calvins argumen
22、t. （ C） showing that Calvins argument assumes what it sets out to prove. （ D） challenging the truth of the evidence advanced in Calvins argument. （ E） showing the irrelevance of Calvins evidence to the conclusion he draws. 8 No one can be licensed as an electrician in Parker County without first com
23、pleting a certain course in electrical safety procedures. All students majoring in computer technology at Parker County Technical College must complete that course before graduating. Therefore, any of the colleges graduates in computer technology can be licensed as an electrician in Parker County. T
24、he reasoning in the argument above is open to question because the argument has not established that （ A） everyone who has completed the course in electrical safety procedures is equally knowledgeable about such procedures. （ B） all students majoring in computer technology who complete the course in
25、 electrical safety procedures at Parker County Technical College eventually graduate. （ C） completion of a course in electrical safety procedures is all that is necessary for a person to be licensed as an electrician in Parker County. （ D） the only way for a person to become knowledgeable about elec
26、trical safety procedures is to take a course in those procedures. （ E） the only students at Parker County Technical College who are eligible to take the course in electrical safety procedures are students majoring in computer technology. 9 Lumber Merchant: Because logging companies have long been re
27、planting trees after logging, almost half of the tropical hardwood now sold is harvested from sustainable sources. Environmentalist: On the contrary, barely one percent of the tropical hardwood sold is harvested from sustainable sources, since nearly all logging involves destruction of animal habita
28、ts that cannot be restored by replanting trees. The environmentalist s response to the lumber merchant is based on a reinterpretation of （ A） sustainable sources. （ B） tropical. （ C） replanting trees. （ D） hardwood sold . （ E） harvested. 10 When six out of ten people who had eaten the egg salad at a
29、n office party became ill shortly afterward, the leftover egg salad was tested. Testing failed to confirm the presence of any harmful bacteria in the egg salad. It follows that the egg salad was not responsible for the illness of any of the people who ate it. Which of the following is an error in th
30、e reasoning of the argument above? （ A） Treating the cause of a sequence of events as if it were the result of that sequence of events. （ B） Rejecting a possible explanation without suggesting an alternative explanation. （ C） Failing to consider the possibility that those who did not become ill shor
31、tly after eating the egg salad became ill later. （ D） Treating a lack of proof that something is the case as constituting sufficient proof that it is not the case. （ E） Overlooking the possibility that some people are more susceptible to harmful bacteria than are other people. 11 Kyle: The rate of h
32、ighway fatalities per 100 million miles driven was about a third lower last year than ten years ago. The decrease is mainly attributable to greater use of seat belts and to less drinking of alcohol by drivers, but last years sluggish economy also contributed, by curtailing driving. Lisa: The economy
33、 could not have been a factor, because even if fewer fatalities occur when fewer miles are driven, the number “per 100 million miles driven“ is what you were discussing, and that figure would not fall merely because fewer miles were driven. Lisas objection is based on （ A） indicating that a confusio
34、n between cause and effect has taken place. （ B） distinguishing between total number of instances and rate of occurrence. （ C） proposing an alternative way of interpreting the data presented . （ D） pointing out that statistics can be misleading if selected to prove a point. （ E） showing that lack of
35、 precision has caused a relevant ambiguity. 12 Soft Drink Manufacturer: Our new childrens soft drink, RipeCal, is fortified with calcium. Since calcium is essential for developing healthy bones, drinking RipeCal regularly will help make children healthy. Consumer Advocate: But RipeCal also contains
36、large amounts of sugar, and regularly consuming large amounts of sugar is unhealthful, especially for children. In responding to the soft drink manufacturer, the consumer advocate does which of the following? （ A） Challenges the manufacturers claim about the nutritional value of calcium in childrens
37、 diets. （ B） Argues that the evidence cited by the manufacturer, when properly considered, leads to a conclusion opposite to that reached by the manufacturer. （ C） Implies that the manufacturer of a product is typically unconcerned with the nutritional value of that product. （ D） Questions whether a
38、 substance that is healthful when eaten in moderation can be unhealthful when eaten in excessive amounts. （ E） Presents additional facts that call into question the conclusion drawn by the manufacturer. 13 The organizers of tomorrow s outdoor concert announced that it will go on tomorrow on schedule
39、 unless bad weather is forecast or too few advance tickets are sold. If the concert is canceled, refunds will be made to ticket holders. Since some ticket holders have already been issued refunds even though more than enough advance tickets were sold, it must be the case that bad weather is forecast
40、. Which of the following is an error of reasoning contained in the argument? （ A） It proceeds as if a condition, which by itself is enough to guarantee a certain result, is the only condition under which that result would occur. （ B） It bases a conclusion that is known to require two conditions on e
41、vidence that bears on only one of those conditions. （ C） It explains one event as being caused by another event, even though both events must actually have been caused by some third, unidentified event. （ D） It treats evidence for the absence of one condition under which a circumstance would occur a
42、s conclusive evidence that that circumstance will not occur. （ E） Evidence given to support the conclusion actually undermines it. 14 Surveys show that every year only 10 percent of cigarette smokers switch brands. Yet the manufacturers have been spending an amount equal to 10 percent of their gross
43、 receipts on cigarette promotion in magazines. It follows from these figures that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay, and that cigarette companies would have been no worse off economically if they had dropped their advertising. Of the following, the best criticism of the conclus
44、ion that inducing cigarette smokers to switch brands did not pay is that the conclusion is based on （ A） computing advertising costs as a percentage of gross receipts, not of overall costs. （ B） past patterns of smoking and may not carry over to the future. （ C） the assumption that each smoker is lo
45、yal to a single brand of cigarettes at any one time. （ D） the assumption that each manufacturer produces only one brand of cigarettes. （ E） figures for the cigarette industry as a whole and may not hold for a particular company. 15 Certain messenger molecules fight damage to the lungs from noxious a
46、ir by telling the muscle cells encircling the lungs airways to contract. This partially seals off the lungs. An asthma attack occurs when the messenger molecules are activated unnecessarily, in response to harmless things like pollen or household dust. Which of the following, if true, point to the m
47、ost serious flaw of a plan to develop a medication that would prevent asthma attacks by blocking receipt of any messages sent by the messenger molecules referred to above? （ A） Researchers do not yet know how the body produces the messenger molecules that trigger asthma attacks. （ B） Researchers do
48、not yet know what makes one persons messenger molecules more easily activated than anothers. （ C） Such a medication would not become available for several years, because of long lead times in both development and manufacture. （ D） Such a medication would be unable to distinguish between messages tri
49、ggered by pollen and household dust and messages triggered by noxious air. （ E） Such a medication would be a preventative only and would be unable to alleviate an asthma attack once it had started. 16 A certain mayor has proposed a fee of five dollars per day on private vehicles entering the city, claiming that the fee will alleviate the city s traffic congestion. The mayor reasons that, since the fee will exceed the cost of round-trip bus fare from many nearby points, many People will switch from using their cars to using the bus. Which of the followin
