1、专业英语八级（ MINI-LECTURE）强化练习试卷 4及答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after th
2、e mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 Subfields of Linguistics The overlapping interests between the field of linguistics and ot
3、her disciplines create several cross-disciplinary fields of linguistics. 1. Sociolinguistics Focusing on patterns and (1)_ in language within a society or community. Examining the way people use language to negotiate their roles in society and to achieve (2)_. 2. Psycholinguistics Studying language
4、processing and its interaction with (3)_mental processes, for instance, studies of childrens language acquisition and SLA. 3. Computational Linguistics Using computers in analyzing languages, stylistic studies, (4)_, bringing forth machine translation systems and machines that ( 5) _ and produce spe
5、ech and text, which may help those with perceptual or linguistical impairment. 4. Applied Linguistics Employing linguistic theory and methods to improve SLA (6)_, especially focusing on motivation, (7)_, learning style, and personality. 5. (8)_Linguistics Examining the relationship between a culture
6、 and its language, the way cultures and languages have changed over time. 6. Philosophical Linguistics Examining the philosophy of language, with one major concern to analyze the (9)_ of possible word order combinations. 7. Neurolinguistics Studying how language is (10) _ and represented in the brai
7、n. 10 Euphemism I. Overall Introduction of Euphemism A. The definition of euphemism (from Greek) Prefix “eu“ ; good, well Root “ phem“ : (1)_ Suffix ism : noun Literal meaning: to speak with good words or in a pleasant manner. Earliest time of use in record; the 11th century B.C. B. The origin of eu
8、phemism; (2)_ The function of euphemism: mild, roundabout words instead of coarse, offensive, or painful ones C. The definitions of euphemism (two most commonly used) ; mild or vague or roundabout expression for harsh or blunt or direct one polite, tactful, or less (3)_term to avoid the direct namin
9、g of an unpleasant painful or frightening reality Common points; polite, roundabout, and indirect mode of expression D. Classification of euphemism 1) Classification Type One (by Hugh Rawson from the angle of semantics) ; i. the positive; stylistic ones inflate and magnify the word meaning, making t
10、he euphemized seem grander and more important than they really are ii. the negative; (4)_ones deflate and diminish the word meaning, defensive in nature offsetting the power of tabooed terms and eradicating everything that people prefer not to deal with directly 2) Classification Type Two: unconscio
11、us ones emphasis on names Example: (6) _s name is forbidden to be called ii. British and American culture; few emphases on names Example; Parents name can be called directly; Children have the same name with their parents 2) euphemisms related to excretions i. English culture; having variety of euph
12、emisms Example; Original words; go to the toilet, go to stool Euphemistic words; to (7) .to freshen up, to pick a daisy, to relieve or to relieve nature, get some fresh air etc. 3) euphemisms related to death Function; to respect the dead, to memorize them, to praise them, to avoid using the dreadfu
13、l word 4) euphemisms related to old age Chinese; being (8) _ of being old, few euphemisms American; being afraid of being old, a lot of euphemisms 5) euphemisms related to fatness English; derogatory euphemistic phrases; weight-watcher, heavyset, (9) _ Chinese; commendatory III. Conclusion the greas
14、e of language, the (10)_of social culture 20 Langston Hughes and His Work: Inside and Out I. General Introduction of Langston Hughes Time; The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s and 1930s Category; _ (1) literature Style Feature; stray from the standard poetical works Characteristic; effective as poetr
15、y, powerful alley in the struggle for African-American social equality II. Techniques: Colloquial language, a non-standard dialect Example: friz, done tried, done scattered, I been (“Still Here“) Purpose; creating an air of (2) _ Choice of vocabulary, vivid description of the events Purpose: showing
16、 the (3)_of the hardships faced by African-Americans Example; Blood on my sport shirt, Three kicks between the legs (“Third Degree“) The impact upon the reader with vivid description and candid presentation; feeling (4)_ Example; Boy, Mister (“Ku Klux“) Theme; the stinging effect of white supremacy
17、from the eyes of the African-American Sing-songy rhyming scheme, a musical jazz beat Effect: applying the words on page to the (5) _ he represents Example; “The Backlash Blues“ Uses of free verse as stanza construction, a stray from the norm Reason: the power of the words and the (6) _cant fit into
18、the traditional ones III. Criticisms from the scholars Hughess work being less than professional Target: use of free verse and jazz beats Reason: having no place in poetry (7)_the strength of the poem failing to “ play“ in this field as the others had “played“ Reason; Effective poets should mimic wh
19、ite poets by using established (8)_styles Hughess work fulfilling the stereotypes that whites had over blacks; blacks as a people of lesser intelligence Target; use of colloquial language Image: not capable of using the English language _(9)and formally IV. Overall Evaluation his writing style recei
20、ving public attention and scholarly criticism poetical _(10) of the wrongs committed against the civil rights of African-Americans being respected by all in the past and present 30 Motivation for Words Motivation deals with the connection between name and sense. Basically, there are three motivation
21、s for words: I. Onomatopoeic motivation defining the principle of motivation by (1) primary onomatopoeia: the (2)_of sound by sound (3) _ onomatopoeia; association of sound with senses e. g. -ump suggests (4)_. II. (5)_motivation defining motivation by mental association. It is closely connected wit
22、h figures of speech: (6)_:containing an implied comparison metonymy: naming something by its attributes synecdoche:the (7)_of a part for a whole or vice versa III. Logical motivation defining a concept by logic. There are two (8)_ involved in giving a definition: the first is to identify the genus a
23、nd the second is to (9)_ the item being defined from other similar species in the same genus. There may be factors leading to the loss of motivation. They are change in morphological structure and change in (10)_. 专业英语八级（ MINI-LECTURE）强化练习试卷 4答案与解析 SECTION A MINI-LECTURE Directions: In this section
24、you sill hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your n
25、otes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking. 0 【听力原文】 Subfields of Linguistics Good morning. Well continue with our talk on linguistics. Last time we have got a general concept about linguistics. The scientific study of lang
26、uage is concerned with as well as the two main branches of linguistics; descriptive linguistics and comparative linguistics. With these as workout, todays focus is on the subfields of linguistics. As we know, the field of linguistics both borrows from and lends its own theories and methods to other
27、disciplines. The many subfields of linguistics have expanded our understanding of languages. Linguistic theories and methods are also used in other fields of study. These overlapping interests have led to the creation of several cross-disciplinary fields, namely sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics,
28、computational linguistics, applied linguistics, anthropological linguistics, philosophical linguistics and neurolinguistics. Lets start with sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is the study of patterns and variations in language within a society or community. It focuses on the way people use language
29、 to express social class, group status, gender, or ethnicity, and it looks at how they make choices about the form of language they use. It also (2) examines the way people use language to negotiate their roles in society and to achieve positions of power. For example, sociolinguistic studies have f
30、ound that the way a New Yorker pronounces the phoneme /r/ in an expression such as “ fourth floor“ can indicate the persons social class. According to one study, people aspiring to move from the lower middle class to the upper middle class attach prestige to pronouncing the /r/. Sometimes they even
31、overcorrect their speech, pronouncing an /r/ where those whom they wish to copy may not. Some sociolinguists believe that analyzing such variables as the use of a particular phoneme can predict the direction of language change. Change, they say, moves toward the variable associated with power, prest
32、ige, or other quality having high social value. Other sociolinguists focus on what happens when speakers of different languages interact. This approach to language change emphasizes the way languages mix rather than the direction of change within a community. The goal of sociolinguistics is to under
33、stand communicative competence what people need to know to use the appropriate language for a given social setting. Next comes psycholinguistics, which merges the fields of psychology and (3) linguistics to study how people process language and how language use is related to underlying mental proces
34、ses. Studies of childrens language acquisition and of second-language acquisition are psycholinguistic in nature. Psycholinguists work to develop models for how language is processed and understood, using evidence from studies of what happens when these processes go awry. Thirdly, computational ling
35、uistics. Computational linguistics involves the use of computers to compile linguistic data, analyze languages, translate from one language to another, and develop and test models of language processing. Linguists use computers and large samples of actual language to analyze the relatedness and the
36、structure of languages and to look for patterns and similarities. (4) Computers also aid in stylistic studies, information retrieval, various forms of textual analysis, and the construction of dictionaries and concordances. (5) Applying computers to language studies has resulted in machine translati
37、on systems and machines that recognize and produce speech and text. Such machines facilitate communication with humans, including those who are perceptually or linguistically impaired. The fourth subfield is called applied linguistics. (6) Applied linguistics employs linguistic theory and methods to
38、 improve overall efficacy in teaching and learning a second language. Linguists look at the errors people make as they learn another language and at their strategies for communicating in the new language at different degrees of competence. (7) In seeking to understand what happens in the mind of the
39、 learner, applied linguists recognize that motivation, attitude, learning style, and personality affect how well a person learns another language. The fifth is anthropological linguistics. It is also known as linguistic anthropology, which uses linguistic approaches to analyze culture. Anthropologic
40、al linguists examine the relationship between a culture and its language, the way cultures and languages have changed over time, and how different cultures and languages are related to one another. For example, the present English use of family and given names arose in the late 13th and early 14th c
41、enturies when the laws concerning registration, tenure, and inheritance of property were changed. Coming up next is philosophical linguistics. Philosophical linguistics examines the philosophy of language. Philosophers of language search for the grammatical principles and tendencies that all human l
42、anguages share. (9) Among the concerns of linguistic philosophers is the range of possible word order combinations throughout the world. One finding is that 95 percent of the worlds languages use a subject-verb-object (SVO) order as English does (like“She pushed the table. “). Only 5 percent use a s
43、ubject-object-verb (SOV) order or the verb-subject-object (VSO) order. Finally, lets refer to the neurolinguistics. (10) Neurolinguistics is the study of how language is processed and represented in the brain. Neurolinguists seek to identify the parts of the brain involved with the production and un
44、derstanding of language and to determine where the components of language (phonemes, morphemes, and structure or syntax) are stored. In doing so, they make use of techniques for analyzing the structure of the brain and the effects of brain damage on language. With that, we come to the end of todays
45、lecture. Hopefully you have all got a clear idea of these subfields of linguistics, including their different focuses and functions. Next time well specifically target at applied linguistics and find out how this branch benefits SLA learners. Thank you for your attention. 【知识模块】 讲座 1 【正确答案】 variatio
46、ns 【试题解析】 演讲的主题是语言学的分支，演讲者首先谈论了社会语言学，根据句 (1)可知，社会语言学研究某一社会或团体中语言的模式和变异，故空白处应填variations。 【知识模块】 讲座 2 【正确答案】 negotiate 【试题解析】 根据句 (2)可知，社会语言学研究人们如何运用语言来演绎他们在社会中的角色并实现他们的权力地位，故答案为 positions of power。 【知识模块】 讲座 3 【正 确答案】 underlying 【试题解析】 演讲者接着谈论了心理语言学，并指出心理语言学将心理学和语言学结合在一起，根据句 (3)可知，心理语言学研究个体如何运用语言以及语
47、言的使用如何与潜在的心理过程联系在一起，故答案为 underlying。 【知识模块】 讲座 4 【正确答案】 retrieval 【试题解析】 根据句 (4)可知，计算机语言学利用计算机协助文体研究、信息检索、不同形式的文本分析、词典编制及索引等，故空白处应填 information retrieval。 【知识模 块】 讲座 5 【正确答案】 recognize/distinguish 【试题解析】 根据句 (5)可知，计算机在语言研究上的应用使得机器翻译系统以及能识别并生成语音和文本的机器应运而生，故答案为 recognize或其同义词distinguish。 【知识模块】 讲座 6 【
48、正确答案】 efficacy 【试题解析】 根据句 (6)可知，应用语言学是将语言学理论与方法运用于提高第二语言习得的整体效率上，故答案为 efficacy。 【知识模块】 讲座 7 【正确答案】 attitude 【试题解析】 根据句 (7)可知，应用语言学通过识别学习者的动机、态度、学习风格以及个性是如何影响他们学习其他语言，从而弄清楚学习者的思想状态，故空白处应填 attitude。 【知识模块】 讲座 8 【正确答案】 Anthropological 【试题解析】 根据句 (8)可知，演讲者讨论的语言学的第五个分支是人类语言学，故答案为 Anthropological。 【知识模块】 讲座 9 【正确答案】 range 【试题解析】 演讲者谈论的第六点是 philosophical linguistics，即哲学语言学。根据句 (9)可知，语言哲学家关注的是世界上可能的语序组合范围，故答案为range。 【知识模块】 讲座 10 【正确答案】 processed 【试题解析】 演讲者谈论的最后一点是 neurolinguistics，即神经语言学，根据句(10)可知，神经语言学研究语言是如何被处理并呈现在大脑中的，故答案为processed。 【知识模块】 讲座 10 【听力原文】 Euphemism Good morning, boys and girls.
