1、大学英语四级（ 2013年 12月考试改革适用）模拟试卷 94及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Computers in Our Life following the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 1当今，计算机已进入千家万户。 2计算机给我们的生活带来了许多方便。 3但同时计算机也给我们带
2、来了一些麻烦。 Section A （ A） She can tell Joan when she sees her at noon. （ B） She should tell Joan s brother about the reception. （ C） She must call on Joan after the reception. （ D） She may see Joan s brother at lunch. （ A） He watched television with his friend. （ B） He stayed at home talking with his f
3、riend. （ C） He went to see a film with his friend. （ D） He went to see his schoolmate. （ A） When the meeting is to be held. （ B） Who are going to attend the meeting. （ C） Where the meeting is to be held. （ D） Whats to be discussed at the meeting. （ A） He went to see the dentist a week ago. （ B） The
4、woman should cancel her appointment with the dentist. （ C） The woman s toothache will go away by itself. （ D） The woman should have seen the dentist by now. （ A） The man should try to be more understanding. （ B） The man s wife should be more understanding. （ C） The man s negative attitude may be der
5、ived from his childhood. （ D） The pessimism of the mans wife may be the result of her past experiences. （ A） Because the working hours were not suitable. （ B） Because the job was not well paid. （ C） Because he had to do a lot of traveling. （ D） Because the job was quite difficult. （ A） To find her w
6、ay around. （ B） To enjoy herself thoroughly. （ C） To remember her culture. （ D） To see the differences. （ A） A movie. （ B） A lecture. （ C） A play. （ D） A speech. （ A） He saw the office on his way home from work. （ B） A friend referred him to Dr. Carter s office. （ C） He found Dr. Carter s number in
7、the phone book. （ D） He found Dr. Carter s number on the Internet. （ A） He has to pick up his tool kits. （ B） He has to take a bus home. （ C） He has to open his store in the morning. （ D） He has to pick up his kids. （ A） The man s telephone number is 647-0547. （ B） The man s telephone number is 603-
8、0547. （ C） The man was scheduled to meet the doctor at 8:15 A.M. Thursday. （ D） The man was scheduled to meet the doctor at 8:00 A.M. Thursday. （ A） He hurt his knee when a tall ladder fell on him. （ B） He injured his ankle when he fell from a ladder. （ C） He sprained his hand when he fell off the r
9、oof of his house. （ D） His foot has a paint can on because he likes painting the house. （ A） He is late for classes too often. （ B） He has missed too many classes. （ C） He has failed in the exam again. （ D） He is a trouble maker at school. （ A） Students are going to take the final exam today. （ B） I
10、t s the last day Steve can drop the class with a full refund. （ C） Students have to hand in their reports today. （ D） It s the final day Steve can apply for a loan. （ A） Drop the class. （ B） Make up the missed lessons. （ C） Stop taking part time job. （ D） Transfer to another school. Section B （ A） V
11、anilla. （ B） Chocolate or syrup. （ C） Food. （ D） Nuts, fruit and whipped cream. （ A） Nobody knows. （ B） One Sunday in the 1890s. （ C） In the 1890s. （ D） In the 1980s. （ A） Sunday. （ B） The name of the customer. （ C） The name of the owner. （ D） The name of the ice-cream parlor. （ A） American s art mu
12、sic. （ B） American s street music. （ C） American s black music. （ D） Americans classic music. （ A） Harmony and melody are from Africa and rhythm from Europe. （ B） Harmony and melody are from Europe and rhythm from Africa. （ C） Harmony and rhythm are from Africa and melody from Europe. （ D） Melody an
13、d rhythm are from Europe and harmony from Africa. （ A） The player invents the music in advance. （ B） The player makes up the music while playing. （ C） A good jazz player plays the same music twice. （ D） It s like hearing a piece of music that was written long ago. （ A） The role of Florida in the Ame
14、rican Revolution. （ B） The discovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon in 1513. （ C） The history of the cultivation of oranges in Florida. （ D） The popularity of Florida oranges in London in the 1770 s. （ A） London. （ B） St. Augustine. （ C） The Antilles. （ D） New York. （ A） Jesse Fish. （ B） Ponce de Leon.
15、 （ C） Columbus. （ D） British sailors. （ A） Because oranges tended to dry out during shipping. （ B） Because Florida oranges were very small. （ C） Because there was no great demand for oranges in Europe. （ D） Because oranges were plentiful in their home country. Section C 26 One afternoon recently, tw
16、o【 B1】 _friends called to tell me that, well, their marriages hadn t made it. One was leaving his wife for another woman. The other was leaving her husband because “we thought it best“. As always after such【 B2】 _common calls, I felt【 B3】 _and angry. What had happened to those【 B4】 _vows that they【
17、B5】 _on their wedding ceremony? Given the era and their feelings, their decisions probably made【 B6】 _. What angers me was the loss of years and energy. It was an anger similar to that I feel when I see【 B7】 _foundations of building projects piled bricks and girders and a gash in the ground left to
18、depress the passerby. When our grandparents married, seldom couples【 B8】 _. “As long as we both shall live“ was no joke. After their vows, couples learned to live with each other not necessarily because they love each other, but because they were stuck, and it was better to be stuck comfortably than
19、 otherwise. Most of the external pressures that helped to enforce our grandparents vows have dissolved. Women can earn money and may enjoy sex, even bear children, without marrying. As divorce becomes more common, some divorcees even argue that divorce is【 B9】 _, educational, that the second or thir
20、d marriage is “the best“, and the only reason left to marry is love. In some respects, this freedom can be seen as social progress. In other respects, our rapidly-rising divorce rate and the【 B10】 _represent a loss. 27 【 B1】 28 【 B2】 29 【 B3】 30 【 B4】 31 【 B5】 32 【 B6】 33 【 B7】 34 【 B8】 35 【 B9】 36
21、【 B10】 Section A 36 Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island. We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of【 C1】 _where the sun always shines. Life there is simple and good. Ripe fruit falls from the trees and you never have to work. The other side of the pictu
22、re is quite the【 C2】 _. Life on a desert island is wretched. You either【 C3】 _to death or live like Robinson Crusoe, waiting for a boat which never comes. Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few us have had the opportunity to find out. Two men who recently spent five day
23、s on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer. They were taking a badly【 C4】 _boat from the Virgin Islands to Miami to have it repaired. During the journey, their boat began to【 C5】 _. They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and cans of beer and rowed for a few miles
24、across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island. There were hardly any trees on the island and there was no water, but this did not【 C6】 _to be a problem. The men【 C7】 _rainwater in the rubber dinghy.【 C8】 _they had brought a spear gun with them, they had【 C9】 _to eat. They caught lob
25、ster and fish every day, and, as one of them put it “ate like kings“. When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely【 C10】 _that they had to leave. A)when B)sank C)damaged D)few E)starve F)collected G)sink H)paradise I)opposite J)as K)happy L)plenty M)sorry N)same O)prov
26、e 37 【 C1】 38 【 C2】 39 【 C3】 40 【 C4】 41 【 C5】 42 【 C6】 43 【 C7】 44 【 C8】 45 【 C9】 46 【 C10】 Section B 46 Want to Know Your Disease Risk? Check Your Exposome A)When it comes to health, which is more important, nature or nurture? You may well think your genes are a more important predictor of health
27、and ill health. Not so fast. In fact, it transpires(得知 )that our everyday environment outweighs our genetics, when it comes to measuring our risk of disease. The genome(染色体组，基因组 )is outwelcome the exposome(环境暴露 ). B)“The exposome represents everything a person is exposed to in the environment, that
28、s not in the genes, “says Stephen Rappaport, environmental health scientist at the University of California, Berkeley. That includes stress, diet, lifestyle choices, recreational and medicinal drug use and infections, to name a few. “The big difference is that: the exposome changes throughout life a
29、s our bodies, diets and lifestyles change, “he says. While our understanding of the human genome has been growing at an exponential(迅速发展的 )rate over the last decade, it is not as helpful as we hoped in predicting diseases. “Genes only contribute 10 percent to the overall disease burden,“ says Rappap
30、ort. “Knowing genetic risk factors can prove absolutely futile(无用的 ),“ says Jeremy Nicholson at Imperial College London. He points to work by Nina Paynter at the Brigham and Womens Hospital in Boston, who investigated the effects of 101 genetic markers implicated in heart disease. After following ov
31、er 19,000 women for 12 years, she found these markers were not able to predict anything about the incidence of heart disease in this group. C)On the other hand, the impact of environmental influences is still largely a mystery. “Theres an imbalance between our ability to investigate the genome and t
32、he environment,“ says Chris Wild, director of the International Agency for Research on Cancer, who came up with the idea of the exposome. In reality, most diseases are probably caused by a combination of the two, which is where the exposome comes in. “The idea is to have a comprehensive analysis of
33、a person s full exposure history,“ says Wild. He hopes a better understanding of exposures will shed a brighter light on disease risk factors. D)There are likely to be critical periods of exposure in development. For example, the time from birth to 3 years of age is thought to be particularly import
34、ant. “We know that this is the time when brain connections are made, and that if you are obese(过度肥胖的 )by this age, youll have problems as an adult,“ says Nicholson. In theory, a blood or urine sample taken from an individual could provide a snapshot of what that person has been exposed to. But how d
35、o you work out what fingerprints chemicals might leave in the body? The task is not as formidable(艰难的 )as it sounds. For a start, researchers could make use of swatches(样本 )of bio-bank information that has already been collected. “There has been a huge international funding effort in adult cohorts(一
36、群 )like the UK Bio-bank already,“ says Wild. “If we improved analysis, we could apply it to these groups.“ E)Several teams are also working towards developing wearable devices to measure personal exposure to chemicals in the environment. “We can put chemicals in categories,“ says Rappaport. “We coul
37、d start by prioritizing toxic chemicals, and look for markers of these toxins in the blood, while hormones and metals can be measured directly.“ Rappaport is looking at albumin(白蛋白 ), a common protein in the blood that transports toxins to the liver where they are processed and broken down. He wants
38、 to know how it reacts with a range of chemicals, and is measuring the products. “You can get a fingerprint a display of all the products an individual has been exposed to.“ F)By combining this information with an enhanced understanding of how exposure affects health, the exposome could help better
39、predict a person s true disease risk. And we shouldn t have to wait long Rappaport reckons we can reap the benefits within a generation. To this end, the US Nautral Institutes of Health has set up an exposure biology program. “We re looking for interactions between genes and exposure to work out an
40、individuals risk of disease,“ says David Balshaw, who manages the program. “It would allow you to tailor(使合适 )the therapeutic response to that persons risk.“ An understanding of this interaction, reflected in a persons metabolic(新陈代谢的 )profiles(数据图表 ), might also help predict how they will respond t
41、o a drug. Nicholson has been looking for clues in metabolite profiles of urine samples. G)Last year, his research group used these profiles to predict how individuals would metabolise paracetamol(扑热息痛 ). “It turned out that gut(肠子 )microbes(微生物 )were very important,“ says Nicholson. “Weve shown that
42、 the pre-dose urinary metabolite profile could predict the metabolism of painkilling drugs, and therefore predict drug toxicity.“ The findings suggest that metabolic profiles of exposure could help doctors tailor therapies and enable them to prescribe personalized medicines. Justin Stebbing at Imper
43、ial College London has already shown that metabolic profiles of women with breast cancer can predict who will respond to certain therapies. It is early days, but the initial findings look promising. “Were reaching the point where were capable of assessing the exposome,“ says Balshaw. With the implic
44、ations for understanding disease causes and risks, and a real prospect of developing personalized medicine, the expo-some is showing more promise than the genome already, he adds. H)How does air pollution or stress leave a trace in the blood? The US National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Marylan
45、d, is trying to find out. One group funded by the NIH and led by Nongjian Tao at Arizona State University s Biodesign Institute in Tempre is developing wearable wireless sensors to monitor an individual s exposure to environmental pollutants. Tao s team started by creating software for Windows phone
46、s(视窗话筒 ), but they are working on apps(应用程序 )that could be used on any smart phone. In theory, anyone could pop on(戴 )a sensor and download an app to receive real-time information on exposure to environmental pollutants. At the same time, smart phones monitoring your location can combine the level o
47、f pollution with an exact time and place. Tao presented his sensor at the Circuits and Systems for Medical and Environmental Applications Workshop in Yucatan Mexico last week. I)“Were now moving prototypes(原型 , 样品 )into human studies, and progressing those prototypes into products,“ says David Balsh
48、aw of the NIH. Earlier this year, Tao s group tried out the sensor on individuals taking a stroll around Los Angeles, California. They were able to measure how exposure to pollutants changed as each person wandered near busy roads and petrol stations. 47 Theoretically speaking, we can know what one
49、has been exposed to from his blood samples. 48 Chris Wild put forward the conception of exposome. 49 Rappaport has confidence in the realization of exposomes helping better predict peoples true disease risk. 50 Jeremy Nicholson said, knowing genetic risk factors of health turned out to be completely useless. 51 When measuring the risk of disease, one should consider the influence of exposome first. 52 The albumin in our blood plays th
