1、考研英语模拟试卷 48及答案与解析 一、 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points) 1 Karl Von Linne (or Linnaeus, as he is widely known) was a Swedish biologist who devised the system of Latinised scientific names for
2、 living things that biologists use to this day. When he came to (1)_ people into his system, he put them into a group called Homo and Linnes hairless fellow humans are still known biologically as Homo sapiens. (2)_ the group originally had a second member, Homo troglodytes. It lived in Africa, and t
3、he pictures show it to be covered (3)_ hair. Modern (4)_ are not as generous as Linne in welcoming other species into Mans lofty (5)_, and the chimpanzee is now referred to (6)_ Pan troglodytes. But Pan or Homo, there is no (7)_ that chimps are humans nearest living relatives, and that if the secret
4、s of what makes humanity special are ever to be (8)_, understanding why chimps are not people, nor people chimps, is a crucial part of the process. That, in turn, means looking at the DNA of the two species, (9)_ it is here that the (10)_ must originate. One half of the puzzle has been (11)_ for sev
5、eral years: the human genome was published in 2001. The second has now been added, with the announcement in this weeks Nature (12)_ the chimpanzee genome has been sequenced as well. For those expecting (13)_ answers to age-old questions (14)_, the publication of the chimp genome may be something of
6、an (15)_. There are no immediately obvious genes-present in one, but not the other-that account for such characteristic human (16)_ as intelligence or even hairlessness. And (17)_ there is a gene connected with language, known as FOXP2, it had already been discovered. But although the preliminary co
7、mparison of the two genomes (18)_ by the members of the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analyssis Consortium, the multinational team that generated the sequence, did not (19)_ any obvious nuggets of genetic gold, it does at least show where to look for (20)_. （ A） slot （ B） pledge （ C） plot （ D） scrutiniz
8、e （ A） And （ B） Or （ C） Thereby （ D） But （ A） by （ B） throughout （ C） with （ D） beyond （ A） demographers （ B） taxonomists （ C） chronologists （ D） psychologists （ A） subject （ B） dominion （ C） ideal （ D） species （ A） as （ B） in （ C） among （ D） without （ A） suspension （ B） suspicion （ C） rotation （ D）
9、 doubt （ A） disintegrated （ B） distracted （ C） deleted （ D） disentangled （ A） because of （ B） though （ C） for （ D） whereas （ A） disputes （ B） differences （ C） hunches （ D） humanities （ A） ruthless （ B） mediocre （ C） opaque （ D） available （ A） that （ B） where （ C） which （ D） in that （ A） instant （ B）
10、 instinctive （ C） constant （ D） intuitive （ A） too （ B） either （ C） though （ D） also （ A） panacea （ B） anticlimax （ C） zenith （ D） momentum （ A） defects （ B） merits （ C） flaws （ D） attributes （ A） while （ B） once （ C） when （ D） as if （ A） duplicated （ B） dwarfed （ C） made （ D） overlapped （ A） show u
11、p （ B） turn up （ C） resort to （ D） turn to （ A） him （ B） it （ C） them （ D） her Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points) 21 A study by scientists in Finland has found that mobile phone radiation can cause changes in h
12、uman cells that might affect the brain, the leader of the research team said. But Darius Leszczynski, who headed the 2-year study and will present findings next week at a conference in Quebec, said more research was needed to determine the seriousness of the changes and their impact on the brain or
13、the body. The study at Finlands Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority found that exposure to radiation from mobile phones can cause increased activity in hundreds of proteins in human cells grown in a laboratory, he said. “We know that there is some biological response. We can detect it, with our v
14、ery sensitive approaches, but we do not know whether it can have any physiological effects on the human brain or human body“, Leszczynski said. Nonetheless the study, the initial findings of which were published last month in the scientific journal Differentiation, raises new questions about whether
15、 mobile phone radiation can weaker/the brains protective shield against harmful substances. The study focused on changes in cells that line blood vessels and on whether such changes could weaken the functioning of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents potentially harmful substances from entering t
16、he brain from the bloodstream, Leszczynski said. The study found that a protein called hsp27 linked to the functioning of the bloodbrain barrier showed increased activity due to irradiation and pointed to a possibility that such activity could make the shield more permeable, he said. “Increased prot
17、ein activity might cause cells to shrink not the blood vessels but the cells themselves and then tiny gaps could appear between those cells through which some molecules could pass“, he said. Leszczynski declined to speculate on what kind of health risks that could pose, but said a French study indic
18、ated that headache, fatigue and sleep disorders could result. “These are not life-threatening problems but can cause a lot of discomfort“, he said, adding that a Swedish group had also suggested a possible link with Alzheimers disease. “Where the truth is I do not know“, he said. Leszczynski said th
19、at he, his wife and children use mobile phones, and he said that he did not think his study suggested any need for new restrictions on mobile phone use. 21 According to Leszczynski, how does mobile phone affect ones health? （ A） Mobile phone radiation can increase protein activities and such activit
20、ies can make the protective shield more permeable. （ B） Mobile phone radiation can shrink the blood vessels and prevent blood from flowing smoothly. （ C） Mobile phone radiation will bring stress to people exposed to it. （ D） Mobile phone radiation kills blood cells at a rapid speed. 22 Whats the res
21、ult of the French study? （ A） The harm of mobile phone radiation is life-threatening. （ B） Mobile phone may affect ones normal way of thinking. （ C） Sleep disorders could result from mobile phone radiation. （ D） A protein called hsp27 is killed by mobile phone radiation. 23 What kind of disease coul
22、d not be caused by the use of mobile phone? （ A） Fatigue. （ B） Headache. （ C） Alzheimers disease. （ D） Tuberculosis. 24 According to the passage, what would be the future of the use of mobile phone? （ A） People will be forbidden to use mobile phone. （ B） People dare not use mobile phone because of i
23、ts radiation. （ C） People will continue to use mobile phone. （ D） There will be new restrictions on the use of mobile phone. 25 Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? （ A） The research in Finland found that mobile phone radiation will affect ones brain. （ B） Mobile phone radiat
24、ion can cause increased activity in hundreds of protein in human cells. （ C） Increased protein activity might cause cells to shrink. （ D） Lszczynski forbid his wife and children to use mobile phone after his research. 26 Effective communication is essential for all organisations. It links the activi
25、ties of the various parts of the organisation and ensures that everyone is working towards a Common goal. It is also extremely important for motivating employees. Staff need to know how they are getting on, what they are doing right and in which areas they could improve. Working alone can be extreme
26、ly difficult and it is much easier if someone takes an interest and provides support. Employees need to understand why their job is important and how it contributes to the overall success of the firm. Personal communication should also include target setting. People usually respond well to goals, pr
27、ovided these are agreed between the manager and subordinate and not imposed. However, firms often have communications problems that can undermine their performance. In many cases, these problems occur because messages are passed on in an inappropriate way. There are of course, several ways of convey
28、ing information to others in the organisation. These include speaking to them directly, e-mailing, telephoning or sending a memo. The most appropriate method depends on what exactly it is you are communicating. For example, anything that is particularly sensitive or confidential, such as an employee
29、s appraisal, should be done face-to-face. One of the main problems for senior executives is that they do not have the time or resources needed to communicate effectively. In large companies, for example, it is impossible for senior managers to meet and discuss progress with each employee individuall
30、y. Obviously this task can be delegated but at the cost of creating a gap between senior management and staff. As a result, managers are often forced to use other methods of communication. Like memos or notes, even if they know these are not necessarily the most suitable means of passing on messages
31、. The use of technology, such as e-mail, mobile phones and network system, is speeding up communication immensely. However, this does not mean that more investment in technology automatically proves beneficial, systems can become outdated or employees may lack appropriate training. There are many co
32、mmunications tools now available but a firm cannot afford all of them. Even if it could, it does not actually need them all. The potential gains must be weighed up against the costs, and firms should realise that more communication does not necessarily mean better communication. As the number of peo
33、ple involved in an organisation increase, the use of written communication rises even faster. Instead of a quick conversation to sort something out numerous messages can be passed backwards and forwards. This can lead to a tremendous amount of paperwork and is often less effective than face to face
34、communication. When you are actually talking to someone you can discuss things until you are happy they have understood and feedback is immediate. With written messages, however, you are never quite sure how it will be received. What you think you have said and what the other person thinks you have
35、said can be very different. The amount of written information generated in large organisations today can lead to communication overload. So much information is gathered that it gets in the way of making decisions. Take a look at the average managers desk and you will see the problem it is often cove
36、red in letters, reports and memos. This overload can lead to inefficiencies. For example, managers may not be able to find the information they want when they need it. Communication is also becoming more difficult with the changes occurring in employment patterns. With more people working part-time
37、and working from home, managing communication is becoming increasingly complex. 26 According to the writer, the best way of achieving effective communication is to_. （ A） adapt the message to suit a particular audience （ B） make the content of message brief and direct （ C） select the most suitable m
38、eans of conveying a particular message （ D） ensure that information is targeted at the appropriate group of people 27 What does the writer say about the communication options available to senior managers? （ A） Sending memos to staff is one of the most efficient methods. （ B） It is important to find
39、the time to discuss certain matters with staff. （ C） They should increase the range of options that they use. （ D） Getting junior managers to talk to staff can create different problems. 28 What advice is given about the communication tools made available by technology? （ A） Aim to limit staff use o
40、f certain communication tools. （ B） Evaluate them in terms of the expenditure involved. （ C） Select them on the basis of the facilities they offer. （ D） Encourage more staff to attend training courses in their use. 29 According to the writer, a problem with written communication is that_. （ A） the m
41、essage can be interpreted differently to what was intended （ B） it can be easy for people to ignore the contents of a written message （ C） most people are more comfortable with face-to-face communication （ D） it is possible for correspondence to get lost within a large organisation 30 According to t
42、he article, what is the effect of receiving large amounts of written information? （ A） It is counter-productive. （ B） It causes conflict in a company. （ C） It leads to changes in work patterns. （ D） It makes the main points more difficult to identify. 31 Culture is the sum total of all the tradition
43、s, customs, belief and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professiona
44、l linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped form of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact estab
45、lished by the study of “backward“ languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind the western languages n
46、ot in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to poss
47、ess the machinery for vocabulary expansion; either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in “backward“ languages, while different from ours; are of
48、ten surprisingly numerous and complicated. A western language distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness (“this“ and “that“); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or the person addressed, or remote from both, or out of sight, or in the
49、past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy. 31 The author uses quotation marks in “backward“ to indicate that_. （ A） backward languages are connected with backward groups （ B） backward languages are connected with backward cultures （ C） backward languages are moving forward （ D） there is no such thing as backward language
