1、Designation: D1002 10Standard Test Method forApparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint AdhesivelyBonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1002; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INT
3、RODUCTIONThe accuracy of the results of strength tests of adhesive bonds will depend on the conditions underwhich the bonding process is carried out. Unless otherwise agreed upon by the manufacturer and thepurchaser, the bonding conditions shall be prescribed by the manufacturer of the adhesive. In
4、order toensure that complete information is available to the individual conducting the tests, the manufacturerof the adhesive shall furnish numerical values and other specific information for each of the followingvariables:(1) Procedure for preparation of surfaces prior to application of the adhesiv
5、e, the cleaning anddrying of metal surfaces, and special surface treatments such as sanding that are not specificallylimited by the pertinent test method.(2) Complete mixing directions for the adhesive.(3) Conditions for application of the adhesive, including the rate of spread or thickness of film,
6、number of coats to be applied, whether to be applied to one or both surfaces, and the conditions ofdrying where more than one coat is required.(4) Assembly conditions before application of pressure, including the room temperature, relativehumidity, length of time, and whether open or closed assembly
7、 is to be used.(5) Curing conditions, including the amount of pressure to be applied, the length of time underpressure, method of applying pressure (pressure bag, press platens, etc.), heat-up rate, and thetemperature of the assembly when under pressure. It should be stated whether this temperature
8、is thatof the bondline or of the atmosphere at which the assembly is to be maintained.(6) Conditioning procedure before testing, unless a standard procedure is specified, including thelength of time, temperature, and relative humidity.Arange may be prescribed for any variable by the manufacturer of
9、the adhesive if it can be assumedby the test operator that any arbitrarily chosen value within such a range, or any combination of suchvalues for several variables will be acceptable to both the manufacturer and the purchaser of theadhesive.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of th
10、e appar-ent shear strengths of adhesives for bonding metals when testedon a standard single-lap-joint specimen and under specifiedconditions of preparation and test.1.2 The values stated in SI units are considered to be thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1This test
11、method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D14 onAdhesives and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.80 on MetalBonding Adhesives.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published October 2010. Originallyapproved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1002 05. DOI:10.1
12、520/D1002-10.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish
13、appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A109/A109M Specification for Steel, Strip, Carbon (0.25Maximum Percent), Cold-RolledA167 Specification for Stainless and Heat-ResistingChromium-
14、Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and StripB36/B36M Specification for Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip, AndRolled BarB152/B152M Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate,and Rolled BarB209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-AlloySheet and PlateB265 Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip,Sheet
15、, and PlateD907 Terminology of AdhesivesD4896 Guide for Use ofAdhesive-Bonded Single Lap-JointSpecimen Test ResultsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toD
16、etermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsMany terms in this test method are definedin Terminology D907.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is primarily comparative. However, itdoes have application as a discriminator in determining varia-tions in adherend surface p
17、reparation parameters and adhesiveenvironmental durability. The test method has found applica-tions in controlling surface preparations, primer, and adhesivesystems for determining strength properties of tested systems.4.2 The misuse of strength values obtained from this testmethod as design-allowab
18、le stress values for structural jointscould lead to product failure, property damage, and humaninjury. The apparent shear strength of an adhesive obtainedfrom a given small single-lap specimen may differ from thatobtained from a joint made with different adherends or by adifferent bonding process. T
19、he normal variation of temperatureand moisture in the service environment causes the adherendsand the adhesive to swell or shrink. The adherends andadhesive are likely to have different thermal and moisturecoefficients of expansion.4.3 Even in small specimens, short-term environmentalchanges may ind
20、uce internal stresses or chemical changes inthe adhesive that permanently affect the apparent strength andother mechanical properties of the adhesive. The problem ofpredicting joint behavior in a changing environment is evenmore difficult if a different type of adherend is used in a largerstructural
21、 joint than was used in the small specimen.4.4 The apparent shear strength measured with a single-lapspecimen is not suitable for determining design-allowablestresses for designing structural joints that differ in any mannerfrom the joints tested without thorough analysis and under-standing of the j
22、oint and adhesive behaviors.4.5 Single-lap tests may be used for comparing and select-ing adhesives or bonding processes for susceptibility to fatigueand environmental changes, but such comparisons must bemade with great caution since different adhesives may responddifferently in different joints. S
23、ee Guide D4896 for furtherdiscussion of the concepts relative to interpretation ofadhesive-bonded single-lap-joints.5. Apparatus5.1 The testing machine shall conform to the requirementsof Practices E4. The testing machine shall be so selected thatthe breaking load of the specimens falls between 15 a
24、nd 85percent of the full-scale capacity. The machine shall be capableof maintaining a rate of loading of 80 to 100 kg/cm2(1200 to1400 psi)/min, or, if the rate is dependent on crosshead motion,the machine should be set to approach this rate of loading,approximately 0.05 in./min. It shall be provided
25、 with a suitablepair of self-aligning grips to hold the specimen. It is recom-mended that the jaws of these grips shall engage the outer 25mm (1 in.) of each end of the test specimen firmly.5.2 The grips and attachments shall be so constructed thatthey will move into alignment with the test specimen
26、 as soonas the load is applied, so that the long axis of the test specimenwill coincide with the direction of the applied pull through thecenter line of the grip assembly.5.3 The length of overlap of the specimen may be variedwhere necessary. The length of the specimen in the jaws,however, must not
27、be varied. The distance from the end of thelap to the end of the jaws should be 63 mm (212 in.) in all tests.6. Test Specimens6.1 Test specimens shall conform to the form and dimen-sions shown in Fig. 1. These shall be cut from test panelsprepared as prescribed in Section 7. The recommended thick-ne
28、ss of the sheets is 1.62 6 0.125 mm (0.064 6 0.005 in.). Therecommended length of overlap for most metals of 1.62 mm(0.064 in.) in thickness is 12.7 6 0.25 mm (0.5 6 0.01 in.).6.2 Since it is undesirable to exceed the yield point of themetal in tension during test, the permissible length of overlapi
29、n the specimen will vary with the thickness and type of metal,2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website
30、. FIG. 1 Form and Dimensions of Test SpecimenD1002 102and on the general level of strength of the adhesive beinginvestigated. The maximum permissible length may be com-puted from the following relationship:L 5 Fty t/t (1)where:L = length of overlap, in.,t = thickness of metal, in.,Fty = yield point
31、of metal (or the stress at proportionallimit), psi, andt = 150 percent of the estimated average shear strengthin adhesive bond, psi.6.3 A variation in thickness of the metal, and the length ofoverlap, will likely influence the test values and make directcomparison of data questionable. For this reas
32、on, in compara-tive or specification tests, the thickness should preferably be1.62 6 0.125 mm (0.064 6 0.005 in.) and the length of overlapshould preferably be 12.7 6 0.25 mm (0.5 6 0.01 in.), or notin excess of the value computed in 6.2. For development testsvalues could be different, but should th
33、en be constant.6.4 The following grades of metal are recommended for thetest specimens:Metal ASTM DesignationBrass B36/B36M, C26800 (Alloy 8)Copper B152/B152M, C11000Aluminum B209, Alloy 2024, T3 temperSteel A109/A109M, Grade 2Corrosion-resisting steel A167, Type 302Titanium B2656.5 At least 30 spec
34、imens shall be tested, representing atleast four different joints. However, if statistical analysis ofdata and variance is employed, it should be possible to reducethis number.7. Preparation of Test Joints7.1 It is recommended that test specimens be made up inmultiples of at least five specimens, an
35、d then cut into indi-vidual test specimens (Note 1), Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Cut sheets ofthe metals prescribed in 6.1 and 6.4 to suitable size. All edgesof the metal panels and specimens which will be within (orwhich will bound) the lap joints shall be machined true(without burrs or bevels and at right
36、angles to faces) andsmooth (rms 160 max) before the panels are surface-treatedand bonded. Clean and dry the sheets carefully, according tothe procedure prescribed by the manufacturer of the adhesive,and assemble in pairs. Prepare and apply the adhesive accord-ing to the recommendations of the manufa
37、cturer of the adhe-sive.Apply the adhesive to a sufficient length in the area acrossthe end of one or both metal sheets so that the adhesive willcover a space approximately 6 mm (14 in.) longer than theoverlap as selected in Section 6. Assemble the sheets so thatthey will be held rigidly so that the
38、 length of the overlap willbe controlled, as indicated in Section 6, within 0.25 mm(60.01 in.), and the adhesive allowed to cure as prescribed bythe manufacturer of the adhesive.NOTE 1Bonding specimens in multiple panels is believed to giveFIG. 2 Standard Test PanelD1002 103more representative speci
39、mens. However, individual specimens may beprepared if agreeable to the supplier or the purchaser of the adhesive.8. Preparation of Test Specimens8.1 Cut the test specimens, as shown in Fig. 1, from thepanels, Figs. 2 and 3. Perform the cutting operation so as toavoid overheating or mechanical damage
40、 to the joints (Note 2).For final preparation trim panel area according to Fig. 2.Measure the width of the specimen and the length of theoverlap to the nearest 0.25 mm (0.01 in.) to determine the sheararea.NOTE 2A five-tooth, typesetters circular saw has been found suitablefor such purposes.9. Proce
41、dure9.1 Test the specimens, prepared as prescribed in Section 8,as soon after preparation as possible. The manufacturer of theadhesive may, however, prescribe a definite period of condi-tioning under specific conditions before testing.9.2 Place the specimens in the grips of the testing machineso tha
42、t the outer 25 mm (1 in.) of each end are in contact withthe jaws (see 5.3) and so that the long axis of the test specimencoincides with the direction of applied pull through the centerline of the grip assembly. Apply the loading immediately to thespecimen at the rate of 80 to 100 kg/cm2(1200 to 140
43、0 psi) ofthe shear area per min. Continue the load to failure. This rateof loading will be approximated by a free crosshead speed of1.3 mm (0.05 in.)/min.10. Calculations10.1 Record the load at failure and the nature and amount ofthis failure (cohesion in adhesive or metal, or adhesion) foreach spec
44、imen. Express all failing loads in kilograms persquare centimeter (pounds per square inch) of shear area,calculated to the nearest 0.06 cm2(0.01 in.2).11. Report11.1 Report the following:11.1.1 Complete identification of the adhesive tested, in-cluding type, source, date manufactured, manufacturers
45、codenumbers, form, etc.,11.1.2 Complete identification of the metal used, its thick-ness, and the method of cleaning and preparing its surfacesprior to bonding,11.1.3 Application and bonding conditions used in prepar-ing specimens,11.1.4 Average thickness of adhesive layer after formationof the join
46、t within 0.001 in. (0.025 mm). The method ofobtaining the thickness of the adhesive layer shall be describedincluding procedure, location of measurements, and range ofmeasurements.11.1.5 Length of overlap used,11.1.6 Conditioning procedure used for specimens prior totesting,11.1.7 Number of specimen
47、s tested,11.1.8 Number of joints represented and type of joint ifother than single overlap,11.1.9 Maximum, minimum, and average values for thefailing load, and11.1.10 The nature of the failure, including the averageestimated percentages of failure in the cohesion of the adhe-sive, contact failure, a
48、nd adhesion to the metal.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The precision of this test method is based on aninterlaboratory study of D1022, Test Method for ApparentShear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded MetalSpecimens by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal), conducted in2006. Eleven laboratories t
49、ested four different adhesive/substrate combinations for calculated failing stress, percentadhesion to metal, and percent cohesion of adhesive. Every“test result” represents an individual determination. The labo-ratories were asked to report five replicate test results fromeach of two different times (a.m. and p.m.) for every adhesive/substrate combination. Following the initial data review, andinternal investigations by the participants, qualified data fromonly five of the laboratories were utilized in determining thefinal precision statistics. Practice E691 was followed f
