1、Designation: D 1577 07Standard Test Methods forLinear Density of Textile Fibers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass perunit length (li
3、near density) of textile fibers and filaments.Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modificationsfor crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The optionsand sections are listed below.Option SectionsAFiber Bundle Weighing 7-15BSingle-Fiber Weighing 16-23CVibroscope, General 24-3035 and 36C
4、1Uncrimped Fibers 31 and 32C2Crimped Fibers 33 and 34Precision and Bias 37 and 38NOTE 1For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to TestMethod D 1059. For cotton linear density, refer to Test Methods D 1769,and D 2480. For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test MethodsD 1282, D 2130 an
5、d D 3510.1.2 The crimp, taper and cross-sectional shape of the fibermay influence the linear density measured by single-fiberweighing and vibroscope.1.3 These test methods measure the linear density of fiberswith moisture in equilibrium with the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles. The fiber moi
6、sture under these conditions is notnecessarily the same as the commercial moisture regain for thefibers.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be use
7、d independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with thespecification.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pria
8、te safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of TextilesD 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length Spe
9、cimensD 1282 Test Method for Resistance to Airflow as an Indi-cation of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, CardSliver, and Scoured WoolD 1769 Method of Test for Linear Density of Cotton Fibers(Array Sample)3D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 1907 Test Method for Linear Density o
10、f Yarn (YarnNumber) by the Skein MethodD 2130 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and OtherAnimal Fibers by MicroprojectionD 2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in TextilesD 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for TestingD 2480 Test Method for Maturity Index and Linear Densityof Cotton Fibers by the Ca
11、usticaire Method3D 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile TestMethod that Produces Normally Distributed DataD 3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,Sliver, or Tow for TestingD 3510 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and OtherAnimcal Fibers by Image Analyzer3D 4849 Termi
12、nology Relating to Yarns and FibersD 5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution ofManufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:TEX-PAC43. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns andFibers, refer to Terminology D 4849.1These test methods are under the
13、jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns andFibers.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 1577 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, vis
14、it the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4PC Programs on floppy disk are available through ASTM. For a 312 in diskrequest PCN:
15、 12-429040-18.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:effective fiber length, fundamental resonant frequency, lineardensity for fiber and yarn, tex.3.2 For all other ter
16、minology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D 123.4. Significance and Use4.1 Option A for bundle weighing of Test Method D 1577 isused in the trade for acceptance testing of commercial ship-ments. Option B for single-fiber weighing and Option C for thevibroscope may be used for acceptance test
17、ing (see Section37); however, caution is advised when using Option B orOption C because between-laboratory precision information isincomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 4.1.1 may beadvisable.4.1.1 In case of dispute arising from differences in reportedtest results when using Test Method D 157
18、7 for acceptancetesting of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there isa statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two parties should
19、 take a group of samplesthat are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot ofmaterial of the type in question. These samples should then berandomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average results from the two laboratories should becompared using the appropriate
20、statistical analysis and aprobability level chosen by the two parties before testing isbegun. If a bias is found, either the cause must be found andcorrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree tointerpret future test results for that material with considerationto the known bias.4.2 Option
21、A for bundle weighing is generally considered tobe the referee procedure for acceptance testing.4.3 OptionAis not recommended for measurement of lineardensity of blends of production fibers having different nominallinear densities.4.4 The accuracy of the linear density values obtained byOptions A an
22、d B is dependent upon the accuracy with whichthe fibers can be cut and weighed.NOTE 2On short staple fiber, an accuracy in cutting of 1.0 % isdifficult to obtain. This problem is further complicated if crimp is presentin the fibers.4.4.1 The accuracy of weighing can be controlled by thenumber of fib
23、ers composing the bundle. However, with shortfiber of low linear density the number of fibers to be countedbecomes prohibitive unless the bundle mass is kept low.4.5 Options A and B are fundamental procedures which areused to standardize the vibroscope equipment used in OptionsC1 and C2.4.6 Test Met
24、hod Options B and C are most useful for themeasurement of linear density of single fibers when furthertests upon the same test specimen are required, for example,tension tests and adjustment of the data obtained for the lineardensity of the test specimen. These options offer advantages inaccuracy an
25、d ease of operations over calculation from specificgravity and microscopically measured cross-sectional area.4.7 Additional information specific to Option C is in Section26.5. Sampling5.1 Lot SamplingAs a lot sample for acceptance testing,take at random the number of shipping containers directed int
26、he applicable material specification or other agreement be-tween the purchaser and supplier, such as an agreement to usePractice D 3333 or Practice D 2258, as applicable. Considershipping containers to be the primary sampling units.NOTE 3An adequate specification or other agreement between thepurcha
27、ser or supplier requires taking into account the variability betweenshipping units, between packages, ends or other laboratory sampling unitwithin a shipping unit if applicable, and within specimens from a singlepackage, end or other laboratory sampling unit to provide a sampling planwith a meaningf
28、ul producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable qualitylevel, and limiting quantity level.5.2 Laboratory SampleAs a laboratory sample for accep-tance testing, take at random from each shipping container inthe lot sample the number of laboratory sampling units asdirected in an applicable material speci
29、fication or other agree-ment between purchaser and supplier such as an agreement touse Practice D 3333 or Practice D 2258, as applicable. Prefer-ably, the same number of laboratory sampling units are takenfrom each shipping container in the lot sample. If differingnumbers of laboratory sampling unit
30、s are to be taken fromshipping containers in the lot sample, determine at randomwhich shipping containers are to have each number of labora-tory units drawn.5.2.1 For staple fiberTake 50-g samples from laboratorysampling units.5.2.2 For sliver (or top) or towTake a metre (yard) fromthe leading end w
31、hich has a clean, uniform appearance.5.2.3 For yarnsPrepare at least a 50-m (50-yd) skein fromeach package.6. Conditioning6.1 Condition the laboratory samples as directed in PracticeD 1776.OPTION AFIBER BUNDLE WEIGHING7. Scope7.1 This test method option covers the measurement of theaverage linear de
32、nsity of textile fibers by cutting and weighing.8. Summary of Test Method8.1 Average linear density, in tex or denier units, of singlefibers in a bundle is calculated from mass and length measure-ments on the bundle and the number of single fibers in thebundle.9. Apparatus9.1 Balance, having a capac
33、ity of 15 mg and sensitivity ofat least 0.005 mg.9.2 Metal Template, Die, or Mechanical Cutting Device,having a precision of 61 % and designed to permit cuttingfibers of a specified length while under tension sufficient toremove crimp.D15770729.2.1 For fibers less than 50 mm in length, a template or
34、 die25 mm in width for measurements in tex units (22.5 mm inwidth for measurements in denier units) has been foundsatisfactory.9.2.2 For fibers more than 50 mm in length, a mechanicalcutting device, for example, a cutting board having two clampsat a greater distance apart than the selected length an
35、d havingtwo central clamps for fixing specimens to the board duringcutting, each with a side adjacent to the path of one of a pair oftraversing blades positioned the selected length apart. Tem-plates or dies of the type described in 9.2.1 can be made withappropriate widths for use on longer fibers.9
36、.3 Weights, for preloading crimped fibers.9.4 Forceps or Clamps, having gripping surfaces paddedwith fiber board, cork, or rubber, and wide enough to hold abundle of fibers firmly.9.5 Stationary Coarse Comb,5approximately 63 mm inwidth and having needles approximately 12.5 mm in lengthand spaced 19
37、needles to the centimetre.9.6 Cathetometer.10. Verification of Equipment Parameters10.1 Determine that the length defined by the templates orthe cutting edges of dies and mechanical cutting devices iscorrect within 1 % by accurate measurement of these deviceswith a cathetometer.10.2 Determine that t
38、he balance and pretension weights arecorrect within 60.5 % by comparison with standard weights.11. Test Specimens11.1 From each laboratory sampling unit in a container, takefive specimens at random. If the standard deviation determinedfor the container from which the laboratory sampling unitswere ta
39、ken is more than a value agreed upon between thepurchaser and supplier, continue testing in groups of fivespecimens from the same laboratory sampling units in thecontainer until the standard deviation for all specimens testedfor the container is not more than the agreed-to value or stopwith a specif
40、ied number testing by agreement.11.2 Select tufts or bundles of fibers containing a sufficientnumber of fibers to weigh between 0.5 and 7.5 mg when cut tothe specified length. If fibers from yarns are to be tested,carefully remove twist before taking specimens.NOTE 4A tuft of fibers less than 50 mm
41、in length and below 1 tex (9denier) in nominal linear density will contain 500 to 1000 fibers. Thenumber of longer or coarser fibers required in a tuft will be proportionatelyfewer.12. Preparation of Specimens12.1 If linear density of finish-free fiber is requested,remove the finish after cutting th
42、e specimen and beforeweighing. Refer to Test Method D 1907, Test Method D 2257,or the Non-fibrous Material Section of Test Methods D 629 forprocedures on the removal of finish.NOTE 5Hot-water or hot solvent may cause considerable shrinkageand consequent changes in linear density, and should not be u
43、sed.12.2 The specimens chosen from staple fiber may requirecombing to align the fibers and remove short ends. Becausefibers are easily stretched, combing must be done with extracare. Comb the specimen as follows:12.2.1 Grip the specimen at one end in suitable clamp ortweezers. Ease the specimen onto
44、 the stationary coarse combneedles 3 to 5 mm on the clamp side of the center of the tuft.Draw the specimen gently toward the center.12.2.2 Lift the specimen off the comb. Replace the speci-men on the needles 3 to 5 mm closer to the clamp than the lastposition. Draw the specimen gently to the center
45、as before.12.2.3 Continue to comb the specimen as directed in 12.2.2until the clamp is reached and all unclamped fibers are drawnto the center.12.2.4 Reverse the specimen. Clamp it in the combedsegment approximately 3 to 5 mm from the uncombed seg-ment, near the center. Comb the other end of the spe
46、cimen,progressing from tip to center in 3 to 5 mm increments. Discardthe combings.12.3 Arrange fibers from filament yarn or tows in parallelalignment.13. Procedure13.1 Test the specimens in the standard atmosphere fortesting textiles, which is 21 6 1C (70 6 2F) and 656 2%relative humidity.13.2 Place
47、 the bundle of fibers prepared as directed in 12.2or 12.3 in a cutting device or on a flat cutting surface. Makecertain the fibers are in parallel alignment.13.3 If crimp is present, remove it by pretensioning thespecimen under a tension determined as directed in X1.1 of theAppendix.NOTE 6Upon visua
48、l examination, if crimp does not appear to becompletely removed even at greater pretensioning than the minimumdetermined, note this in the report.13.4 Cut the specimen to the selected length using template,die, or cutting device.13.5 Weigh the specimen to the nearest 0.005 mg.13.6 Count the number o
49、f fibers in the bundle.NOTE 7Counting of fine fibers is facilitated by using some magnifi-cation and shuffling the specimen on a short pile surface of contrastingcolor to separate the fibers.14. Calculation14.1 Calculate the average fiber linear density for eachspecimen to the nearest 0.1 dtex (0.01 denier), using Eq 1 or Eq2:Td5 10000 W/L 3 N! (1)D 5 9000 W/L 3 N! (2)where:T = average fiber linear density, dtex,D = average fiber linear density, denier,W = mass of bundle specimen, mg,L = length of bundle specimen, mm, and5Combs meeting these requirements may b
