1、Designation: D2197 10Standard Test Method forAdhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2197; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the adhe-si
3、on of organic coatings such as paint, varnish, and lacquerwhen applied to smooth, flat (planar) panel surfaces.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety c
4、oncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D609 Practice for Preparation of Col
5、d-Rolled Steel Panelsfor Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, andRelated Coating ProductsD823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thicknessof Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test PanelsD1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
6、D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of DryFilm Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied toFerrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The materials under test are applied at uniform thicknessto flat panels, usually shee
7、t metal of uniform surface texture.After drying, the adhesion is determined by pushing the panelsbeneath a rounded stylus or loop that is loaded in increasingamounts until the coating is removed from the substratesurface.4. Significance and Use4.1 Coatings to perform satisfactorily must adhere to th
8、esubstrates on which they are applied. This test method has beenfound useful in differentiating the degree of adhesion ofcoatings to substrates. It is most useful in providing relativeratings for a series of coated panels exhibiting significantdifferences in adhesion.4.2 Studies performed in a labor
9、atory using the loop stylusspecified in the previous edition showed meaningful adhesiondata were impossible when loads of 10 to 20 kg were requiredto break the surface of a solvent based coating. The chromeplated loop stylus chattered and skipped across the coatingsurface when loads of this magnitud
10、e were required. Similarmeaningless data were obtained when powder coatings weretested that required more than 10 kg to break the surface.Therefore, testing under these conditions is not applicable.5. Apparatus5.1 Application Equipment, as described in Practices D823.5.2 Film-Thickness Measuring App
11、aratus, as described inTest Method D1005 or Practice D7091.5.3 Balanced Beam, Scrape Adhesion Tester (Figs. 1 and2), consisting of a balanced beam to which is secured aplatform for supporting weights, and a rod at an angle of 45that holds the scraping loop. The rod shall be set so that thescraping l
12、oop contacts test surfaces directly below the weights.The loop shall be 1.6-mm (116-in.) diameter rod, bent into a“U” shape with an outside radius of 3.25 6 0.05 mm (0.128 60.002 in.) and hardened to Rockwell HRC 56 to 58, and shallbe a smooth finish. The loop can be either chromium plated,nickel pl
13、ated, or heat treated polished steel, as agreed uponbetween the purchaser and the supplier. These testers areadjustable to accommodate flat, metallic, and nonmetallicspecimens to 12-mm (0.5-in.) thick and 100 to 400 mm (4 to 16in.) wide and long; the specimen should be at least 12-mm(12-in.) wide.6.
14、 Preparation of Specimens6.1 Apply the materials under test to panels of the compo-sition and surface condition on which it is desired to determineadhesion. The panel material (6.1.1), surface preparation,thickness, and number of coats shall be specified or agreedupon by the seller and the purchaser
15、. Apply uniform coatings1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.Current edition approved July 1, 2010. Published Ju
16、ly 2010. Originally approvedin 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D2197 98 (2004). DOI:10.1520/D2197-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
17、 the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and air dry or bake under conditions of humidity and tempera-ture mutually agreeable to the seller and purchaser. Either maskthe
18、panel or remove material after application, so that 13 mm(12 in.) at one end of the panel is uncoated.6.1.1 The surface of the panel must be hard enough that itwill not be damaged by the scraping loop. If no panel materialis specified, use 0.8-mm (0.032-in.) cold-rolled carbon steelprepared in accor
19、dance with Methods B or C of Practice D609.7. Conditioning and Number of Tests7.1 Condition the test panels for at least 48 h at 23 6 2C(73.5 6 3.5F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity, and test in thesame environment, or immediately on removal therefrom,unless otherwise specified or agreed by the selle
20、r and thepurchaser. Test at least two replicate specimens of eachmaterial.8. Procedure8.1 When using the instrument shown in Fig. 1, level thebase plate of the apparatus and place it so that the weightholder is toward the operator. This places the beam release onthe operators right and allows freedo
21、m to move the testspecimen manually under the weighted scraping element(loop). Adjust the main bearing support so that the beam isbalanced in the horizontal plane when the loop is just touchingthe specimen surface.8.2 Raise the beam and lock it. Wipe the loop with cleancloth or chamois. Place a test
22、 panel on the sliding platform sothat it may be moved away from the operator and the uncoatedportion is toward the main beam support. Place weights on theweight support using an initial amount that is estimated to beappropriate for the particular coating. Carefully lower the beamuntil the loop rests
23、 on the uncoated portion of the test specimenand the full load is applied, then slowly (1 to 2 s/in.) push thesliding platform away from the operator for a distance of atleast 75 mm (3 in.). If the coating is removed, continue thetesting, using successively smaller loads (0.5-kg increments)until the
24、 coating is not removed. If the coating is not removedby the initial scrape, continue the testing, using successivelylarger loads (0.5-kg increments) until the coating is removed oruntil the maximum load of 10 kg has been applied. Use a newarea of the test surface each time a scrape is made.8.3 When
25、 the critical load has been approximately located,repeat the test five times at each of three loadings: above,FIG. 1 Balanced-Beam Scrape-Adhesion TesterFIG. 2 Balanced Beam Scrape Adhesion and Mar TesterD2197 102below, and at the load determined in the first trial. Apply thedifferent loads in rando
26、m fashion so that all scrapes at one loadare not made in succession or on one panel.8.3.1 Periodically examine the loop to ensure that theoriginal smooth surface is intact. If the contacting surface isworn, reverse the loop. When both sides are worn, replace witha new loop.8.4 For each applied load,
27、 tabulate the number of times thecoating was removed or adhered. The load where the scraperesults change from mainly adhering to mainly removed,ignoring the first 13 mm (12 in.) of the scratch if the coatingwas removed, is the adhesion failure end point.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:
28、9.1.1 Load in kilograms at the adhesion failure end point,9.1.2 Panel material and surface preparation,9.1.3 “U” shape loop surface finish,9.1.4 Dry-film thickness, and9.1.5 Any deviation from the specified procedure.10. Precision10.1 CorrelationThis method was developed when corre-lation with other
29、 methods of assessing adhesion was consid-ered to be of equal importance to the agreement betweenresults obtained in the same or different laboratories. It wasestablished that when materials differing widely in hardnessand adhesion were evaluated by a number of experiencedpersonnel in several labora
30、tories, the adhesion results obtainedusing this method correlated well with those obtained withseveral other methods.10.2 PrecisionIf sufficient cooperators can be obtained,an interlaboratory study will be conducted to establish preci-sion.10.3 BiasNo information can be provided on the bias ofthis t
31、est method for measuring adhesion because no materialhaving an accepted reference value is available.11. Keywords11.1 adhesion; balanced-beam scrape adhesion tester;scrapeASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedi
32、n this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and mu
33、st be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of th
34、eresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C70
35、0, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).D2197 103
