1、Designation: D388 17aD388 18Standard Classification ofCoals by Rank1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indica
2、tes the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard covers the classification of coals by rank, that is, according to their degree of metamorphism, or progressivealteration, in the natural series from
3、lignite to anthracite.1.2 This classification is applicable to coals that are composed mainly of vitrinite.NOTE 1Coals rich in inertinite or liptinite (exinite), or both, cannot be properly classified because, in those macerals, the properties that determinerank (calorific value, volatile matter, an
4、d agglomerating character) differ greatly from those of vitrinite in the same coal. Often such coals can berecognized by megascopic examination. In NorthAmerica, these coals are mostly nonbanded varieties that contain only a small proportion of vitrain andconsist mainly of attrital materials. The de
5、gree of metamorphism of nonbanded and other vitrinite-poor coals can be estimated by determining theclassification properties of isolated or concentrated vitrinite fractions, or by determining the reflectance of the vitrinite (see Test Method D2798 andAppendixAppendix X1 X1 of this classification).
6、However, in the use of these vitrinite-poor coals, some properties normally associated with rank, suchas rheology, combustibility, hardness, and grindability (as well as the rank determining properties) may differ substantially from those of vitrinite-richcoals of the same degree of metamorphism.The
7、 precision of the classification of impure coal may be impaired by the effect of large amounts of mineral matter on thedetermination of volatile matter and calorific value, and on their calculation to the mineral-matter-free basis.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No
8、other units of measurement are included in this standard.The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3.1 ExceptionThe values stated in British thermal units per pound (Btu/lb) are to be regarded as the standard. The SIequivalents of Btu/lb are provided for information only and are not
9、 considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limit
10、ations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Tech
11、nical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D121 Terminology of Coal and CokeD720D720/D720M Test Method for Free-Swelling Index of CoalD1412D1412/D1412M Test Method for Equilibrium Moisture of Coal at 96 to 97 Percent Relative Humidity and 30 CD2013D2013/D2013M
12、 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sample of CoalD2798 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of CoalD3172 Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and CokeD3173D3173/D3173M Test Method for Moisture in the
13、 Analysis Sample of Coal and CokeD3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from CoalD3175 Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis Sample of Coal and CokeD3302D3302/D3302M Test Method for Total Moisture in Coal1 This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
14、mittee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.18 on Classification ofCoals.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017Feb. 1, 2018. Published November 2017February 2018. Originally approved in 1934. Last previous edition approved in 2017 asD388 17.D388 17a. DOI: 10.1520/
15、D0388-17A.10.1520/D0388-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM stand
16、ard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases
17、 only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4239 Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke Using High-Te
18、mperature Tube Furnace CombustionD4596 Practice for Collection of Channel Samples of Coal in a MineD5016 Test Method for Total Sulfur in Coal and Coke Combustion Residues Using a High-Temperature Tube FurnaceCombustion Method with Infrared AbsorptionD5192 Practice for Collection of Coal Samples from
19、 CoreD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For additional definitions of terms used in this classification, refer to Terminology D121.3.1.2 agglomerating, adjas applied to coal, the property of softening when it is heated to above about 400 C
20、 in anonoxidizing atmosphere, and then appearing as a coherent mass after cooling to room temperature.3.1.3 apparent rank, nof coal, the rank designation obtained on samples other than channel samples or core samples with100 % recovery, but otherwise conforming to procedures of Classification D388.3
21、.1.4 coal seam, nthe stratum, layer, or bed of coal that lies between two other rock layers whose compositions differsignificantly from that of coal.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 Where it is desired to abbreviate the designation of the ranks of coal, the following abbreviations shall be used:mameta-anthra
22、citeananthracitesasemianthracitelvblow volatile bituminousmvbmedium volatile bituminoushvAbhigh volatile A bituminoushvBbhigh volatile B bituminoushvCbhigh volatile C bituminoussubAsubbituminous AsubBsubbituminous BsubCsubbituminous CligAlignite AligBlignite B3.3 Symbols:3.3.1 Descriptive Symbols (s
23、ymbols used for describing quantities, all in lowercase, roman)ddry basisffree basis (e.g., mineral-matter-free and sulfur-trioxide-free)iminherent moisture basis3.3.2 Simple Quantity Symbols (calculated quantities with units, all in upper case, italicized)Aash, %FCfixed carbon, %FSIfree swelling in
24、dexGCVgross calorific value, Btu/lbIMinherent moisture, %MMmineral matter, %Stotal sulfur, %SO3:Asulfur trioxide in the ash, %SO3:Csulfur trioxide in the ash, expressed as a percentage of the coal, %VMvolatile matter, %3.3.3 Complex Quantity Symbols (simple quantity symbols with roman subscripts)Ada
25、sh, dry basis (possibly sulfate-bearing), %Aimash, inherent-moisture basis, %Aim,SO3fash, inherent-moisture basis, sulfur-trioxide-free basis, %FCdfixed carbon, dry basis, %FCd,MMffixed carbon, dry basis, mineral-matter-free basis, %FCimfixed carbon, inherent-moisture basis, %FCim,SO3ffixed carbon,
26、inherent-moisture basis, sulfur-trioxide-free basis, %GCVdgross calorific value, dry basis, Btu/lbGCVimgross calorific value, inherent-moisture basis, Btu/lbGCVim,MMfgross calorific value, inherent-moisture basis, mineral-matter-free basis, Btu/lbMMd,SO3fmineral matter, dry basis, sulfur-trioxide-fr
27、ee basis, %MMim,SO3fmineral matter, inherent-moisture basis, sulfur-trioxide-free basis, %D388 182Sdtotal sulfur, dry basis, %Simtotal sulfur, inherent-moisture basis, %SO3: Adsulfur trioxide in the ash, dry basis, %SO3:Cimsulfur trioxide in the ash, expressed as a percentage of the coal, inherent m
28、oisture basis, %VMdvolatile matter, dry basis, %VMd,MMfvolatile matter, dry basis, mineral-matter-free basis, %VMimvolatile matter, inherent moisture basis, %4. Significance and Use4.1 This classification establishes categories of coal based on gradational properties that depend principally on the d
29、egree ofmetamorphism to which the coal was subjected while buried. These categories indicate ranges of physical and chemicalcharacteristics that are useful in making broad estimates of the behavior of coal in mining, preparation, and use.5. Basis of Classification5.1 Classification is according to f
30、ixed carbon and gross calorific value (expressed in British thermal units per pound, Btu/lb)calculated to the mineral-matter-free basis. The higher-rank coals are classified according to fixed carbon on the dry basis; thelower-rank coals are classified according to gross calorific value on the moist
31、 basis.Agglomerating character is used to differentiatebetween certain adjacent groups.6. Classification by Rank6.1 Fixed Carbon and Gross Calorific ValueCoals shall be classified by rank in accordance with Table 1. Classify coals havinggross calorific values of 14 000 Btu/lb or more on the inherent
32、-moisture, mineral-matter-free basis, and coals having fixed carbonof 69 % or more on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis, according to fixed carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis. ClassifyTABLE 1 Classification of Coals by RankAClass/GroupFCd,MMf Limits, % VMd,MMf Limits, % GCVim,MMf LimitsBA
33、gglomeratingCharacterBtu/lb MJ/kgCEqual orGreaterThanLessThanGreaterThanEqual orLess ThanEqual orGreaterThanLess ThanEqual orGreaterThanLess ThanAnthracitic:Meta-anthracite 98 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . JAnthracite 92 98 2 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . non-agglomeratingSemianthraciteD 86 92 8
34、 14 . . . . . . . . . . . .Bituminous:Low volatile bituminous coal 78 86 14 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6commonlyagglomeratingEMedium volatile bituminouscoal69 78 22 31 . . . . . . . . . . . .High volatile A bituminouscoal. . . 69 31 . . . 14 000F . . . 32.557 . . .High volatile B bituminouscoal. . .
35、 . . . . . . . . . 13 000F 14 000 30.232 32.557High volatile C bituminouscoal. . . . . . . . . . . . H 11 500 13 000 26.743 30.23210 500 11 500 24.418 26.743 agglomeratingSubbituminous:Subbituminous A coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 500 11 500 24.418 26.743 6Subbituminous B coal . . . . . . . . . .
36、. . 9 500 10 500 22.09 24.418Subbituminous C coal . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 300 9 500 19.30 22.09non-agglomeratingLignitic:Lignite A . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 300 8 300 14.65 19.30Lignite B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 300 . . . 14.65A This classification does not apply to certain coals, as discu
37、ssed in Section 1.B Refers to coal containing its natural inherent moisture but not including visible water on the surface of the coal.C Megajoules per kilogram. To convert British thermal units per pound to megajoules per kilogram, multiply by 0.0023255.D If agglomerating, classify in low volatile
38、group of the bituminous class.E It is recognized that there may be nonagglomerating varieties in these groups of the bituminous class, and that there are notable exceptions in the high volatile Cbituminous group.F Coals having 69 % or more fixed carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis shall be
39、classified according to fixed carbon, regardless of gross calorific value.D388 183coals having gross calorific values less than 14 000 Btu/lb on the inherent-moisture, mineral-matter-free basis according to grosscalorific value on the inherent-moisture, mineral-matter-free basis, provided the fixed
40、carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-free basisis less than 69 %.6.2 Agglomerating CharacterClassify coals having 86 % or more fixed carbon on the dry, mineral-matter-free basis, ifagglomerating, in the low volatile group of the bituminous class. Classify coals having gross calorific values in the rang
41、e from10 500 to 11 500 Btu/lb on the inherent-moisture, mineral-matter-free basis according to their agglomerating character (Table 1).6.3 Supplemental InformationA correlation of the ranking property, volatile matter (100fixed carbon), with the mean-maximum reflectance of the vitrinite group macera
42、ls in coals tested in one laboratory over a period of several years is shown inAppendix X1.7. Sampling7.1 SamplesClassify a coal seam, or part of a coal seam, in any locality based on the average analysis and gross calorific value(and agglomerating character where required) of not less than three an
43、d preferably five or more whole seam samples, either facechannels or cores, taken in different and uniformly distributed localities, either within the same mine or closely adjacent minesrepresenting a continuous and compact area not greater than approximately 10 km2 (4 square miles) in regions of ge
44、ologicaluniformity. In regions in which conditions indicate that the coal probably varies rapidly in short distances, the spacing of samplingpoints and grouping of analyses to provide average values shall not be such that coals of obviously different rank will be used incalculating average values.7.
45、1.1 Take channel samples by excluding mineral partings more than 1 cm (38 in.) and lenses or concretions (such as sulfurballs) more than 1.25 cm (12 in.) thick and 5 cm (2 in.) wide, as specified in Practice D4596.7.1.2 A drill core sample may be used provided it was collected as specified in Practi
46、ce D5192 and meets the followingprovisions: core recovery is 100 % of the seam, the major mineral partings and concretions are excluded as specified in 7.1.1, anddrilling mud is removed from the core (see also 7.1.6).7.1.3 Place all samples in metal or plastic cans with airtight lids, or heavy vapor
47、 impervious bags, properly sealed to preserveinherent moisture.7.1.4 Analyses of samples from outcrops or from weathered or oxidized coal shall not be used for classification by rank.7.1.5 In case the coal is likely to be classified on the moist basis, that is, inclusive of its natural complement of
48、 inherent moisture,take samples in a manner most likely to preserve inherent moisture for purposes of analysis. Because some of the moisture in afreshly collected sample condenses on the inside of the sample container, weigh both the container and the coal before and afterair drying, and report the
49、total loss in mass as air-drying loss.7.1.6 If the sample is a core or if it is impossible to sample the coal It is often difficult to obtain samples without including visiblesurface moisture, or if there may be other reasons to question the accuracy of inherent moisture content determinable from thesample, such as in typical coring situations where injected water or drilling mud is used or when the coal seam is an aquifer. Whenthe as-received basis moisture in samples is questionable in terms of representing inherent
