1、Designation: D 471 06Standard Test Method forRubber PropertyEffect of Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 471; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the required procedures toevaluate the compara
3、tive ability of rubber and rubber-likecompositions to withstand the effect of liquids. It is designedfor testing: (1) specimens of vulcanized rubber cut fromstandard sheets (see Practice D 3182), (2) specimens cut fromfabric coated with vulcanized rubber (see Test MethodsD 751), or (3) finished arti
4、cles of commerce (see PracticeD 3183). This test method is not applicable to the testing ofcellular rubbers, porous compositions, and compressed sheetpacking, except as described in 11.2.2.1.2 ASTM Oils No. 2 and No. 3, formerly used in this testmethod as standard test liquids, are no longer commerc
5、iallyavailable and in 1993 were replaced with IRM 902 and IRM903, respectively (see Appendix X1 for details).1.3 ASTM No. 1 Oil, previously used in this test method asa standard test liquid, is no longer commercially available andin 2005 was replaced with IRM 901; refer to Table 1, FootnoteA, and Ap
6、pendix X3 for details.1.4 This test method includes the following:Change in Mass (after immersion) Section 10Change in Volume (after immersion) Section 11Dimensional-Change Method for Water-Insoluble Liq-uids and Mixed Liquids Section 12Change in Mass with Liquid on One Surface Only Section 13Determ
7、ining Mass of Soluble Matter Extracted by theLiquid Section 14Change in Tensile Strength, Elongation and Hardness(after immersion) Section 15Change in Breaking Resistance, Burst Strength, TearStrength and Adhesion for Coated Fabrics Section 16Calculation (of test results) Section 171.5 The values st
8、ated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and h
9、ealth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD 287 Test Method forAPI Gravity of Crude Petrol
10、eum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-plastic ElastomersTensionD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed AnilinePoint of Pe
11、troleum Products and Hydrocarbon SolventsD 751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsD 865 Test Method for RubberDeterioration by Heatingin Air (Test Tube Enclosure)D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsD 1217 Test Method for Density and Relative Density(Specific Gravity) of Liquids by Bingham Pycnometer
12、D 1415 Test Method for Rubber PropertyInternationalHardnessD 1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Prod-ucts (ASTM Color Scale)D 1747 Test Method for Refractive Index of Viscous Mate-rialsD 2008 Test Method for Ultraviolet Absorbance and Ab-sorptivity of Petroleum ProductsD 2140 Test Method f
13、or Carbon-Type Composition of In-sulating Oils of Petroleum OriginD 2240 Test Method for Rubber PropertyDurometerHardnessD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number ofSpark-Ignition Engine FuelD 3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Equipment, andProcedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing
14、 Standard Vulcanized Sheets1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubberand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.15 on Degradation Tests.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originallyapproved in 1937. Last previous edition approve
15、d in 1998 as D 471 98e2.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Ba
16、rr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 3183 Practice for RubberPreparation of Pieces for TestPurposes from ProductsD 4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustriesD 4485 Specification for
17、 Performance of Engine OilsD 4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelE 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection And Forced-Ventilation Ovens2.2 SAE Standards:3J 300 Engine Oil Viscosity Classification3. Summary of Test
18、 Method3.1 This test method provides procedures for exposing testspecimens to the influence of liquids under definite conditionsof temperature and time. The resulting deterioration is deter-mined by measuring the changes in physical properties, such asstress/strain properties, hardness, and changes
19、in mass, volume,and dimension, before and after immersion in the test liquid.3.2 The precision statement in Section 19 is based on aninterlaboratory test program run in 1981, using six differentrubbers with ASTM Reference Fuels B, C, D4and ASTM OilsNo. 1 and No. 3.3.3 The precision statement in Appe
20、ndix X2 is based on aninterlaboratory test program conducted in 1993 to establishreplacements for ASTM Oils No. 2 and No. 3. Because of thelimited number of participating laboratories, only repeatabilitycould be evaluated, and it was necessary to use pooled valuesof four No. 2 type oils (No. 2 plus
21、three candidate replacementoils) and four No. 3 type oils (No. 3 plus three candidatereplacement oils). Twelve rubbers were tested in this program.3.4 ASTM Oils No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 have been replacedby IRM 901, IRM 902, and IRM 903, respectively.4. Significance and Use4.1 Certain rubber articles
22、, for example, seals, gaskets,hoses, diaphragms, and sleeves, may be exposed to oils,greases, fuels, and other fluids during service. The exposuremay be continuous or intermittent and may occur over widetemperature ranges.4.2 Properties of rubber articles deteriorate during exposureto these liquids,
23、 affecting the performance of the rubber part,which can result in partial failure.4.3 This test method attempts to simulate service conditionsthrough controlled accelerated testing, but may not give anydirect correlation with actual part performance, since serviceconditions vary too widely. It yield
24、s comparative data on whichto base judgment as to expected service quality.4.4 This test method is suitable for specification compliancetesting, quality control, referee purposes, and research anddevelopment work.5. Test Conditions5.1 Temperature and Immersion PeriodsUnless otherwisespecified the te
25、st temperature and immersion period shall be asindicated in Table 2, depending upon the anticipated serviceconditions, unless otherwise agreed upon between customerand supplier:5.1.1 When the temperature of the testing room is other thanthe standard 23 6 2C (73 6 4F) the temperature of test shallbe
26、reported.3Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDrive, Warrendale, PA 15096.4The sole source of supply of Reference Fuels A, B, C, D, and E known to thecommittee at this time is Phillips Petroleum Co., Customer Service Center, P.O. Box968, Borger, TX 79007. If you are
27、 aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1whichyou may attend.TABLE 1 Specifications and Typical Properties of ASTM and IRM Reference OilsPro
28、perty ASTM Oil No. 1AASTM Oil No. 5 IRM 901 IRM 902 IRM 903 ASTM MethodSpecified Properties:Aniline Point, C (F) 124 6 1 (255 6 2) 115 6 1 (2396 2) 124 6 1 (255 62)93 6 3 (199 6 5) 706 1 (158 62)D611Kinematic Viscosity(mm2/s cSt)38C (100F) . . . 31.934.1 D 44599C (210F) 18.721.0 10.811.9 18.1220.34
29、19.221.5 . D 445Gravity, API, 16C(60F). . 28.8 6 1 19.021.0 21.023.0 D 287Viscosity-GravityConstant. . 0.7900.805 0.8600.870 0.8750.885 D 2140Flash Point COC, C(F)243 (469) min 243 (469) min 243(469) min 240 (464) min 163 (325) min D92Naphthenics, CN(%) . . 27 (avg) 35 min 40 min D 2140Paraffinics,
30、CP(%) . . 65 min 50 max 45 max D 2140Typical Properties:Pour Point, C (F) . 15 (5) 12 (10) 12 (10) 31 (24) D97ASTM Color . L 1.0 L 3.5 L 2.5 L 0.5 D 1500Refractive Index . 1.4808 1.4848 1.5105 1.5026 D 1747UV Absorbance, 260 nm . . 0.8 4.0 2.2 D 2008Aromatics, CA(%) . 4 3 12 14 D 2140AASTM Oil No. 1
31、 is no longer commercially available, the specifications are left in place for the purpose of reference until such time as an interlaboratory test programis conducted to determine precision and bias. Refer to Appendix X3.D4710625.1.2 When the relative humidity (RH %) of the testingenvironment is kno
32、wn to effect the performance of a test liquid,the RH % shall be reported.5.1.3 The choice of the immersion period will depend uponthe nature of the vulcanizate, the test temperature, and theliquid to be used. To obtain information on the rate ofdeterioration it is necessary to make determinations af
33、terseveral immersion periods.5.1.4 The tolerance for any immersion period shall be615 min or 61 % of the immersion period, whichever isgreater.5.1.5 The immersion periods enumerated in Table 2 arefrequently used, and are considered standard; however, theymay be varied according to a materials testin
34、g requirements oranticipated exposure in service.5.2 IlluminationImmersion tests shall be made in theabsence of direct light.6. Standard Test Liquids6.1 For test purposes, it is desirable to use the liquid thatwill come into contact with the vulcanizate in service. Forcomparative tests with liquids
35、of unknown or doubtful com-position, samples of liquid from the same container or ship-ment shall be used. Many commercial products, particularlythose of petroleum origin, are subject to sufficient variation thatit is not practical to use them for test liquids. It is thenadvisable to use a standard
36、test liquid, such as described in6.1.1 and 6.1.2, covering the range of properties that may beencountered in the particular service.6.1.1 IRM and ASTM OilsThe test shall be conducted inone of the petroleum-base IRM or ASTM oils (Note 1)specified in Table 1 that has its aniline point nearest that of
37、theoil with which the vulcanizate is expected to come in contactin service except as indicated in 6.1.3.NOTE 1The aniline point of a petroleum oil appears to characterizethe swelling action of that oil on rubber vulcanizates. In general, the lowerthe aniline point, the more severe the swelling actio
38、n by the oil. The oilsspecified in Table 1 cover a range of aniline points commonly found inlubricating oils.6.1.2 ASTM Reference FuelsWhen gasolines or dieselfuels are to be encountered in service, the test shall beconducted in one of the ASTM reference fuels (Note 2)specified in Table 3, except as
39、 indicated in 6.1.3.NOTE 2The ASTM reference fuels in Table 3 have been selected toprovide the maximum and minimum swelling effects produced bycommercial gasolines. Reference Fuel A has a mild action on rubbervulcanizates and produces results of the same order as low swellinggasolines of the highly
40、paraffinic, straight run type. Reference Fuels B, C,and D simulate the swelling behavior of the majority of commercialgasolines, with Reference Fuel C producing the highest swelling which istypical of highly aromatic premium grades of automotive gasoline.Reference Fuel F (diesel fuel) swells rubber
41、vulcanizates to a lesser extentthan Reference Fuel B. Reference Fuels G, H, and I are fuel-alcoholblends (gasohol), which have a stronger swelling action than the corre-sponding fuel alone, where blends with methanol are more severe thanblends with ethanol. Reference Fuel K, a methanol-rich blend, h
42、as asubstantially weaker swelling action than that of the fuel used to preparethe blend. Reference Fuels I and K are also referred to as M15 and M85,respectively.6.1.3 Service LiquidsSome commercial oils, fuels andother service liquids (see Table 4) are either non-petroleum orare compounded from spe
43、cial petroleum hydrocarbon fractionsTABLE 2 Test Temperatures and Immersion PeriodsTemperature in C (F)ImmersionPeriod, h75 6 2 (103 6 4) 85 6 2 (185 6 4) 2255 6 2 (67 6 4) 100 6 2 (212 6 4) 4640 6 2 (40 6 4) 125 6 2 (257 6 4) 7025 6 2 (13 6 4) 150 6 2 (302 6 4) 16610 6 2(146 4) 175 6 2 (347 6 4) 67
44、00 6 2(326 4) 200 6 2 (392 6 4) 100623 6 2(736 4) 225 6 2 (437 6 4) 299850 6 2 (122 6 4) 250 6 2 (482 6 4) 499070 6 2 (158 6 4)TABLE 3 ASTM Reference FuelsFuel Type Composition, Volume %Reference Fuel A IsooctaneA, 100Reference Fuel B IsooctaneA, 70; TolueneA,30Reference Fuel C IsooctaneA, 50; Tolue
45、neA,50Reference Fuel D IsooctaneA, 60; TolueneA,40Reference Fuel E TolueneA, 100Reference Fuel F Diesel Fuel, Grade No. 2B, 100Reference Fuel G Fuel D, 85; anhydrous denatured ethanolC,15Reference Fuel H Fuel C, 85; anhydrous denatured ethanolC,15Reference Fuel I Fuel C, 85; anhydrous methanol, 15Re
46、ference Fuel K Fuel C, 15; anhydrous methanol, 85AMotor Fuels, Section 1, Test Method D 2699BSpecification D 975.CAnhydrous ethanol denatured with unleaded gasoline, Section 4, PerformanceRequirements, Specification D 4806.TABLE 4 ASTM Service LiquidsLiquid CompositionService Liquid 101Adi-2 ethyl h
47、exyl sebacate, 99.5 mass %; phenothiazine,0.5 mass %Service Liquid 102BIRM 901, 95 mass %; hydrocarbon compoundadditiveC, 5 mass % (29.533.5 mass % sulfur,1.52.0 mass% phosphorus, 0.7 mass % nitrogen)Service Liquid 103Dtri-n-butyl phosphate, 100 mass %Service Liquid 104Eethylene glycolF, 50 volume %
48、; distilled water, 50volume %Service Liquid105G,HASTM Reference Oil TMC 1006Service Liquid106I,HARM 200 (Aerospace Reference Material 200)AService liquid 101 is intended to simulate the swelling action of syntheticdiester-type lubricating oils.BService liquid 102 approximates the swelling behavior o
49、f hydraulic oils.CThis hydrocarbon oil additive properties are as follows: Kinematic viscosity(mm2/s cSt) at 99C (210F) 9.70 6 0.52 (Test Method D 445); Flash pointCOC C (F) 45 (113) min (Test Method D92); Density at 16C (61F) 1.065 60.015 (Test Method D 1217).DService liquid 103 simulates phosphate ester-type aircraft hydraulic oils.EService liquid 104 approximates the swelling behavior of automotive enginecoolant.FEthylene glycol, reagent grade, shall be used.GService Liquid 105 is an API SJ/ILSAC GF-2 SAE 5W-3
