1、Designation: D 816 06Standard Test Methods forRubber Cements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 816; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates th
2、e year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover tests to measure the propertiesof adhesives, commonly called r
3、ubber cements, that may beapplied in plastic or fluid form and that are manufactured fromnatural rubber, reclaimed rubber, synthetic elastomers, orcombinations of these materials. All tests are not to beconsidered as applicable to a particular type of adhesive nor isevery test included that may be a
4、pplicable to a particular type.The tests do provide standard procedures for evaluating themore important properties of the usual adhesives ordinarilyclassed as rubber cements.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.
5、1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced D
6、ocuments2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 413 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion toFlexible SubstrateD 429 Test Methods for Rubber PropertyAdhesion toRigid SubstratesD 573 Test Method for RubberDeterioration in an AirOvenD 1084 Test Methods for Viscosity of AdhesivesD 3182 Practice for RubberMaterials, Eq
7、uipment, andProcedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-ing Standard Vulcanized SheetsD 3184 Test Methods for RubberEvaluation of NR(Natural Rubber)2.2 Other Document:SAE Handbook33. Summary of Test Methods3.1 The tests described in these test methods may begrouped into two classes, the firs
8、t including those procedures inwhich the adhesive is applied to specimens of materials to bebonded together after which the quality of the bond isevaluated, and the second including those procedures appli-cable to the adhesive itself without consideration of thebonding properties. The classes are as
9、 follows:Class I: SectionAdhesion strength 8 to 15Bonding range 16 to 18Softening point 19 to 21Cold flow 22 to 24Class II:Viscosity 25Stability 26 to 27Cold brittleness 28 to 29Density 30 to 31Plastic deformation 32 to 334. Significance and Use4.1 These tests are used as a means of classifying, eva
10、luat-ing, and controlling cement compositions.Adhesion strength intension, shear, and in a peeling mode are necessary whererubber materials are used in various engineering applicationswhere forces are encountered both normal to the adhesionplane and parallel to the plane of the adhesive interface.5.
11、 Materials for Bonded Specimens5.1 The following materials shall be used as specified forthe preparation of specimens bonded with the test cement fortests of Class I and shall be reported with the result of the test:5.1.1 Aluminum Sheet, Cladded Material, gauge 1.6 mm(0.064 in.),5.1.2 Standard Rubbe
12、r Test Sheets, refer to Test MethodsD 3184 for a typical rubber formulation, and refer to PracticeD 3182 for preparing the sheets.5.1.3 Cotton Duck, medium texture 1030 g/m2, and1These methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D11 on Rubberand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
13、 D11.25 on Rubber AdhesiveSystems.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. Originallyapproved in 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 816 82 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
14、For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME Interna-tional Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 100165990.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
15、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.4 Coated Fabrics, of which the fabric strength and theadhesion of coating to fabric exceed the strength of theadhesive bond.5.1.5 Rolled Sheet or Machined Steel, SAE No. 1020, sandblasted or sanded with medium/fine abrasive, and5.1.
16、6 Special materials such as leather, cork, felt, etc.6. Sampling6.1 Before sampling, the cement to be tested shall bethoroughly agitated to uniform consistency throughout, afterwhich a sample shall be taken of sufficient quantity forperformance of the tests required. The sample shall be kept ina tig
17、htly closed container to prevent evaporation and shall beagitated or stirred to uniform consistency immediately beforetest or use in preparation of test specimens.7. Test Conditions7.1 The tests of adhesives shall be conducted at a tempera-ture of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F) and relative humidity of 50 65
18、 %. All material and equipment shall be held at theseconditions prior to test for a sufficient time to assure equilib-rium.ADHESION TESTS8. Types of Adhesion Test8.1 The adhesion strength of a cement used to bond twomaterials is measured by determining the force required toproduce separation by fail
19、ure of the adhesive. This force maybe applied as (1) a direct tension pull in the direction normal tothe adhered surfaces, (2) a shearing force in the same plane asthe surfaces, or (3) a stripping or peeling force which producesprogressive separation over the adhered surfaces. It is obviousthat the
20、stripping procedure can be used only when at least oneof the adhered materials is flexible. Test methods, designatedA, B, and C, are given for preparing and testing bondedspecimens by each of these types of adhesion test. Theadhesion test may also be applied, when specified, to bondedspecimens that
21、have been subjected to deteriorating influencessuch as accelerated aging or action of oils or solvents after theirpreparation and before separation, but in this case full detailsconcerning such treatment shall accompany the statement ofthe result of the adhesion test.Test Method AAdhesion Strength i
22、n Tension9. Preparation of Test Specimens9.1 For testing cements for use in vulcanized applications,the test specimens shall be those specified in Section 8 of TestMethods D 429, except that after buffing or grinding thesurfaces to be adhered, and washing them free from dirt or oilusing acetone, the
23、y shall be coated with a uniform film of thetest adhesive 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) in thickness or of anoptimum thickness suitable to the products, as agreed by theparties concerned.9.2 For testing cements for use in unvulcanized applica-tions, test specimens similar to those specified in 9.1 shall bepr
24、epared except that the rubber cylinders used in their prepa-ration shall be cut from vulcanized rubber and the assembly ofthe specimen shall be made without vulcanization in a mold.Toaccomplish this, the circular faces of the rubber cylinders shallbe buffed smoothly and evenly to parallel planes and
25、 shall becoated with a uniform film of the test cement 0.025 mm(0.001 in.) in thickness or of an optimum thickness suitable tothe products, as agreed by the parties concerned. With thincements, the coating may be done with a brush, applyingsuccessive coats and allowing sufficient time between coats
26、forevaporation of the solvent. The faces of the metal plates shallbe freshly sand-blasted or ground to a dull finish with fineemery and washed free of dust and oil with trichloroethylene orperchloroethylene. The metal faces shall also be coated withthe test cement as in the case of the rubber cylind
27、ers. When thecement films have dried to the point where there is stillaggressive tackiness but no tendency for the film to lift whentouched with a finger, each rubber cylinder shall be bondedfirmly by hand between the cemented faces of two metal platesand the assembly shall be clamped in a suitable
28、loading fixtureunder a compressive load of 44 N (10 lbf) for at least 24 h.10. Procedure10.1 Test the prepared specimens as described in Section 8of Test Methods D 429. Take care to use a tension testingmachine of capacity and sensitivity suitable for loads of themagnitude anticipated with the parti
29、cular adhesive beingtested. Express the adhesion strength in kilopascals (or poundsper square inch) calculated by dividing the tension load causingfailure by the original area of the adhered surface thatseparates.10.2 Test two specimens and report the higher of the resultsas the adhesion strength in
30、 tension provided the lower value iswithin 10 % of the higher value. Otherwise, test additionalspecimens until results are obtained consisting of a high valueand one that checks this within 10 %. If no check of a highvalue is obtained when six specimens have been tested, theaverage of all six result
31、s may be reported as the averageadhesion strength in tension.Test Method BAdhesion Strength in Shear11. Types of Test Specimens11.1 Specimens for shear tests shall be of two types, namely,Type 1 lap specimens and Type 2 sandwich specimens, asshown in Fig. 1. Lap specimens shall be used when theadhes
32、ive is to be tested for bonding materials that are bothFIG. 1 Test Specimens for Adhesion Strength in ShearD816062extensible such as rubber, felt, or cork, or both relativelynonextensible like metal, cloth, and leather. Sandwich-typespecimens shall be used when one of the bonded materials isextensib
33、le and the other nonextensible. In both types ofspecimens, two strips of the material 25 mm (1 in.) in widthand 125 mm (5 in.) in length shall be bonded over an area625 mm2(1 in.2) with the free ends extending parallel inopposite directions to permit clamping in a testing machine. Inthe case of the
34、laptype specimens the two strips shall be bondeddirectly to each other by means of the adhesive being tested,but in the case of the sandwich-type specimen a 625 mm2square block of extensible material having a thickness of notmore than 3.2 mm (18 in.) shall be bonded between twononextensible strips b
35、y means of the test adhesive.12. Preparation of Test Specimens12.1 The faces of the materials that are to be bonded by thetest adhesive shall be buffed by hand using a wire brush, fineemery cloth, or similar suitable abrasive to assure a slightlyroughened surface which shall then be washed free of d
36、irt andoil with acetone. The specimens shall be allowed to drythoroughly and the surfaces shall not be touched after washing.The test adhesive shall then be applied by brushing, spraying,or spreading to form a film 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) in thicknessor of an optimum thickness suitable to the products,
37、 as agreedby the parties concerned.NOTE 1With cements of sufficiently heavy consistency to allow theiruse, the volumetric or static-mass cement spreaders shown in Fig. 2 andFig. 3 may be found convenient for applying the adhesive in preparing therequired specimens. With thin cements applied by means
38、 of brushing,several coats may be necessary, in which case adequate drying time topermit evaporation of the solvent should be allowed between coats. Threesuch coats will usually be found sufficient.12.2 When the cement film has dried to the point wherethere is still aggressive tackiness but no tende
39、ncy for the filmto lift when touched with a finger, the surfaces to be bondedshall be aligned carefully so that 625 mm2(1 in.2) shall beadhered and pressed together firmly by hand. The specimens,resting on a smooth hard base, shall then be rolled with fivecomplete strokes using a metal roller 25 mm
40、(1 in.) in diameterapplied with a hand force of approximately 90 N (20 lbf). Thespecimens shall then be allowed to age for at least 24 h underthe standard test conditions of temperature and humidity(Section 7) without any applied force.13. Procedure13.1 After the required aging period, clamp the pre
41、paredspecimen in the grips of a tension testing machine conformingto the requirements in Section 8 of Test Methods D 413, usingshims in the grips as indicated in Fig. 1 so that the applied forceshall be in the plane of the cemented area. Take care to becertain that the specimen is properly centered
42、and is straight inthe grips. When testing Type 1 specimens made of extensiblematerials, provide for maintaining the strip during the testapproximately in the plane of the clamps. This may be done byFIG. 2 Volumetric Cement SpreaderFIG. 3 Static-Mass Cement SpreaderD816063holding the specimen against
43、 a plate attached to the stationaryclamp. Separate the clamps at the rate of 0.8 mm/s (2 in./min)and record the force causing separation of the specimen inkilopascals (or pounds per square inch) of the adhered surfacethat separates.NOTE 2When shims or plates are added to the clamps, the testingmachi
44、ne must be adjusted for zero force with these additions or the forcedue to their mass must be deducted from the indicated reading.13.2 Test two specimens in each required combination andreport the higher of the results as the adhesion strength in shear,provided the lower value is within 10 % of the
45、higher value.Otherwise, test additional specimens until results are obtainedconsisting of a high value and one that checks this within 10 %.If no check of the high value is obtained when six specimenshave been tested, the average of all six results may be reportedas the average adhesion strength in
46、shear.Test Method CAdhesion Strength by Stripping Method(Peeling Test)14. Preparation of Test Specimens14.1 A strip of flexible material at least 150 mm (6 in.) inlength by 25 mm (1 in.) in width shall be bonded by means ofthe test cement except for 50 mm (2 in.) at one end to a strip300 mm (12 in.)
47、 in length by 50 mm in width of the othermaterial that is to be adhered. The center lines of the two stripsshall be superimposed. The surface to be bonded shall beproperly prepared, for example, by buffing, washing withacetone, drying, and coating with a film of the test cement0.025 mm (0.001 in.) i
48、n thickness or of an optimum thicknesssuitable to the products, as agreed by the parties concerned(Note 3). Uniting, rolling down, and aging shall be done asspecified in Section 12 for shear test specimens.NOTE 3In the case of porous material, the thickness of the cementfilm shall not be specified.1
49、5. Procedure15.1 Place the test specimens in a tension testing machineby clamping the free end of the 50-mm (2-in.) wide strip in onegrip and turning back the free end of the flexible 25-mm (1-in.)wide strip and clamping it in the other grip. The testingmachine and the procedure used shall conform to that specifiedunder the machine method for strip specimens in Section 8 ofTest Methods D 413. The autographic chart obtained consti-tutes the report of the test but determine the value of theadhesion by drawing on the chart the best average line betweenthe maximum and mini
