1、Designation: D2419 09D2419 14Standard Test Method forSand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine Aggregate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2419; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method is intended to serve as
3、a rapid field-correlation test. The purpose of this test method is to indicate, understandard conditions, the relative proportions of clay-likeclay-size or plastic fines and dust in granular soils and fine aggregates thatpass the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. The term “sand equivalent” expresses the concep
4、t that most granular soils and some fineaggregates are mixtures of desirable coarse particles, sand, sand-size particles, and generally undesirable clay or plastic fines anddust.NOTE 1For fine aggregates containing clean dust of fracture (clay-size particles that are not clay minerals), test results
5、 will depend on the amountof fines present in the material. In this case other tests such as Methylene Blue Value (AASHTO T330) or X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) may be needed todetermine if the fines are deleterious.NOTE 2Some agencies perform the test on material with a top size smaller than the 4.75-mm
6、(No. 4) sieve. This is done to avoid trapping theclay-likeclay-size or plastic fines and dust below flaky shaped 4.75 to 2.36 mm (No. 4 to 8) sized particles. Testing smaller top sized material may lowerthe numerical results of the test.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as
7、 standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.2.1 Regarding sieves, per Specification E11 Section 1.2, “the values stated in SI units shall be considered standard for thedimensions of the wi
8、re cloth openings and the diameter of the wires used in the wire cloth. The values stated in inchpound unitsshall be considered standard with regard to the sieve frames.” When sieve mesh sizes are referenced, the alternate inch-pounddesignations are provided for information purposes and enclosed in
9、parentheses.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Re
10、ferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing SizeD8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and PavementsD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD6
11、53 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving MaterialsE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves2.2 AASHTO Standard:T 176 Standard Method of Test for Plastic Fines in
12、 Graded Aggregates and Soils by Use of Sand Equivalent Test31 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.51 on AggregateTests.Current edition approved June 1, 2009June 1, 2014. Published July 2009S
13、eptember 2014. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20022009 asD2419 02.D2419 09. DOI: 10.1520/D2419-09.10.1520/D2419-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standard
14、svolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.This document is not an ASTM standa
15、rd and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases
16、only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 clay sizethat portion of the soil or aggregate
17、finer than 0.002 mm (0.005 mm in some cases) (see Terminology D653).3.1.2 fine aggregateaggregate passing the 9.5-mm (38-in.) sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve andpredominantly retained on the 75-m (No. 200) sieve (see Terminology D8).3.1.3 sandparticles of rock that will p
18、ass the 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve and be retained on the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve (seeTerminology D653).3.1.4 sand equivalenta measure of the amount of silt or clay contamination silt, clay contamination, or clay-size aggregateparticles in the fine aggregate (or soil) as determined by test (see Terminol
19、ogy D653). (For further explanation, see SummaryofSection 4 Test Method and SignificanceSection 5and Use.).)3.1.5 soilsediments or other unconsolidated accumulations of solid particles produced by the physical and chemicaldisintegration of rocks which may or may not contain organic matter (see Termi
20、nology D653).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Ameasured volume of soil or fine aggregate and a small quantity of flocculating solution are poured into a graduated plasticcylinder and are agitated to loosen the claylike coatings or clay size particles from the sand particles in the test specimen. Thespec
21、imen is then “irrigated” using additional flocculating solution forcing the claylike or clay size material into suspension abovethe sand. After a prescribed sedimentation period, the height of flocculated claymaterial is read and the height of sand in thecylinder is determined. The sand equivalent i
22、s the ratio of the height of sand to the height of clay flocculated material times 100.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method assigns an empirical value to the relative amount, fineness, and character of claylike material present inthe test specimen.5.2 A minimum sand equivalent value may be sp
23、ecified to limit the permissible quantity of claylike or clay size fines in anaggregate.5.3 This test method provides a rapid field method for determining changes in the quality of aggregates during production orplacement.NOTE 3The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependant upon
24、the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and thecapability, calibration, and the maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3666 are generally considered capableof competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are
25、 cautioned that compliance with Practice D3666 alone does notcompletely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors: following the suggestions of Practice D3666 or similar acceptable guidelineprovides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.6. Interferences6.
26、1 Maintain the temperature of the working solution at 72 6 5F (22 6 3C) during the performance of this test.NOTE 4If field conditions preclude the maintenance of the temperature range, frequent referee samples should be submitted to a laboratory whereproper temperature control is possible. It is als
27、o possible to establish temperature correction curves for each material being tested where propertemperature control is not possible. However, no general correction should be utilized for several materials even within a narrow range of sand equivalentvalues. Samples that meet the minimum sand equiva
28、lent requirement at a working solution temperature below the recommended range need not be subjectto referee testing.6.2 Perform the test at a location free from vibration. Excessive vibration may cause the suspended material to settle at a greaterrate than normal.6.3 Do not expose the plastic cylin
29、ders to direct sunlight any more than is necessary.6.4 Occasionally it may be necessary to remove a fungus growth from the working calcium chloride solution container and fromthe inside of the flexible tubing and irrigator tube. This fungus can easily be seen as a slimy substance in the solution, or
30、 as a moldgrowing on the inside of the container.6.4.1 To remove this growth, prepare a cleaning solvent by diluting sodium hypochlorite solution (household chlorine bleach)with an equal quantity of water.6.4.2 After discarding the contaminated solution, fill the solution container with the prepared
31、 cleaning solvent: allow about 1Lof the cleaning solvent to flow through the siphon assembly and irrigator tube, then place the pinch clamp on the end of the tubingto cut off the flow of solvent and to hold the solvent in the tube. Refill the container and allow to stand overnight.6.4.3 After soakin
32、g, allow the cleaning solvent to flow out through the siphon assembly and irrigator tube.6.4.4 Remove the siphon assembly from the solution container and rinse both with clear water. The irrigator tube and siphonassembly can be rinsed easily by attaching a hose between the tip of the irrigator tube
33、and water faucet and backwashing freshwater through the tube.D2419 1426.5 Occasionally the holes in the tip of the irrigator tube may become clogged by a particle of sand. If the obstruction cannotbe freed by any other method, use a pin or other sharp object to force it out using extreme care not to
34、 enlarge the size of theopening.6.6 Working solution which is more than two weeks old shall be discarded.6.7 Mixing and storage container(s) for solutions shall be thoroughly rinsed prior to mixing a fresh batch of solution.6.8 Fresh solution shall not be added to old solution regardless of age.7. A
35、pparatus7.1 Agraduated transparent acrylic plastic cylinder, rubber stopper, irrigator tube, weighted foot assembly and siphon assemblyall conforming to the respective specifications and dimensions shown in Fig. 1. See Annex A1 for alternative apparatus.7.2 Measuring TinA cylindrical tin approximate
36、ly 214 in. (57 mm) in diameter having a capacity of 85 6 5 mL.7.3 4.75-mm (No. 4) Sieve, conforming to the requirements of Specification E11.7.4 Funnel, wide-mouth, for transferring test specimens into the graduated cylinder.7.5 Bottles, two 1.0-gal (3.8-L) to store stock solution and working soluti
37、on.7.6 Flat Pan, for mixing.7.7 Clock or Watch, reading in minutes and seconds.7.8 Mechanical Sand Equivalent Shaker, designed to hold the required graduated plastic cylinder in a horizontal position whilesubjecting it to a reciprocating motion parallel to its length and having a throw of 8 6 0.04 i
38、n. (203.2 6 1.0 mm) and operatingat 175 6 2 cpm. A typical apparatus is shown in Fig. 2. The shaker shall be securely fastened to a firm and level mount.NOTE 5Moving parts of the mechanical shaker should be provided with a safety guard for protection of the operator.7.9 Manually Operated Sand Equiva
39、lent Shaker(optional), as shown in Fig. 3, or equivalent, capable of producing anoscillating motion at a rate of 100 complete cycles in 45 6 5 s, with a hand-assisted half stroke length of 5 6 0.2 in. (12.7 6 0.5cm). The device shall be designed to hold the required graduated cylinder in a horizonta
40、l position while subjecting it to areciprocating motion parallel to its length. The shaker shall be fastened securely to a firm and level mount. If only a few tests areto be run the shaker may be held by hand on a firm level mount.7.10 Oven, of sufficient size, and capable of maintaining a temperatu
41、re of 230 6 9F (110 6 5C).7.11 Filter Paper, Watman No. 2V or equivalent.8. Reagents and Materials8.1 Stock SolutionThe materials listed in 8.1.1, 8.1.2 or 8.1.3 may be used to prepare the stock solution. If the use offormaldehyde as the biocide is of concern, the materials in 8.1.2 or 8.1.3 should
42、be used. A fourth alternative is not to use anybiocide provided the time of storage of stock solution is not sufficient to promote the growth of fungi.8.1.1 Stock solution with formaldehyde.8.1.1.1 Anhydrous Calcium Chloride, 454 g of technical grade.8.1.1.2 USP Glycerin, 2050 g (1640 mL).8.1.1.3 Fo
43、rmaldehyde, (40 volume % solution) 47 g (45 mL).8.1.1.4 Dissolve the 454 g of calcium chloride in 12 gal (1.89 L) of distilled water. Cool and filter through ready pleated rapidfiltering paper. Add the 2050 g of glycerin and the 47 g of formaldehyde to the filtered solution, mix well, and dilute to
44、3.78 L(1 gal).8.1.2 Stock solution with glutaraldehyde.8.1.2.1 Calcium Chloride Dihydrate, 577 g of A. C. S. grade.NOTE 6ACS grade calcium chloride dihydrate is specified for the stock solution prepared with glutaraldehyde because tests indicate that impuritiesin the technical grade anhydrous calciu
45、m chloride may react with the glutaraldehyde resulting in an unknown precipitate.8.1.2.2 USP Glycerin, 2050 g (1640 mL).8.1.2.3 1,5-Pentanedial (Glutaraldehyde), 50 % solution in water 59 g (53 mL).8.1.2.4 Dissolve the 577 g of calcium chloride dihydrate in 12 gal (1.89 L) of distilled water. Cool a
46、nd add the 2050 g of glycerinand the 59 g of glutaraldehyde to the solution, mix well, and dilute to 1 gal (3.78 L).NOTE 71,5-pentanedial, also known as glutaraldehyde, glutaric dialdehyde, and trade name UCARCIDE 250, may be obtained as “GlutaraldehydeSolution 50 %.”48.1.3 Stock solution with Katho
47、n CG/ICP.4 Available from Aldrich Chemical Company, P. O. Box 2060, Milwaukee, WI 53201 or Fisher Scientific, 711 Forbes Ave., Pittsburg, PA 15219.D2419 143List of MaterialAssembly Part No. Description Stock Size, In. MaterialA Siphon Assembly:1 siphon tube 14 diameter by 16 copper tube (may be plat
48、ed)2 siphon hose 316 ID by 48 rubber tube, pure gum or equivalent3 blow hose 316 ID by 2 rubber tube, pure gum or equivalent4 blow tube 14 diameter by 2 copper tube (may be plated)5 2-hole stopper No. 6 rubber6 irrigator tube 14 OD 0.035 wall by 20 SS tube, Type 3167 clamp Pinchcock, Day, BKH No. 21
49、730 or equivalentB A,B Graduate Assembly:89tubebase1.50 OD by 1714 by 4 by 4transparent acrylic plastictransparent acrylic plasticC C Weighted Foot Assembly:10 sand reading indicator 114 diameter by 0.59 nylon 101 type 66 annealed11 rod 14 diameter by 1712 brass (may be plated)12 weight 2 diameter by 2.078 C. R. steel (may be plated)13 roll pin 116 diameter by 12 corrosion-resistant metal14 foot 1116 hex by 0.54 brass (may be plated)15 solid stopper No. 7 rubberA Assembly BAccuracy of scale should be 0.010 in. per tenth of an inch. Error
