1、Designation: D3053 15Standard Terminology Relating toCarbon Black1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat
2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers a compilation of definitions oftechnical terms used in the carbon black and rubber industries.Terms that are generally understood or adequat
3、ely defined inother readily available sources are not included.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1508 Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted Fines andAttritionD1509 Test Methods for Carbon BlackHeating LossD1510 Test Method for Carbon BlackIodine AdsorptionNumberD1511 Test Method for Carbo
4、n BlackPellet Size Distri-butionD1513 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedPour Den-sityD1514 Test Method for Carbon BlackSieve ResidueD1566 Terminology Relating to RubberD1618 Test Method for Carbon Black ExtractablesTransmittance of Toluene ExtractD1765 Classification System for Carbon Blacks Use
5、d inRubber ProductsD1799 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling PackagedShipmentsD1900 Practice for Carbon BlackSampling Bulk Ship-mentsD1937 Test Method for Carbon Black, PelletedMassStrengthD2414 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber (OAN)D2663 Test Methods for Carbon BlackDispersion in Rub-
6、berD3265 Test Method for Carbon BlackTint StrengthD3313 Test Method for Carbon BlackIndividual PelletHardnessD3493 Test Method for Carbon BlackOil AbsorptionNumber of Compressed Sample (COAN)D3849 Test Method for Carbon BlackMorphologicalCharacterization of Carbon Black Using Electron Micros-copyD52
7、30 Test Method for Carbon BlackAutomated Indi-vidual Pellet HardnessD6086 Test Method for Carbon BlackVoid Volume (VV)(Withdrawn 2015)3D6556 Test Method for Carbon BlackTotal and ExternalSurface Area by Nitrogen AdsorptionD6602 Practice for Sampling and Testing of Possible CarbonBlack Fugitive Emiss
8、ions or Other EnvironmentalParticulate, or Both3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:aciniform, adjshaped like a cluster of grapes.DISCUSSIONThe spheroidal primary particles of carbon black arefused into aggregates of colloidal dimension forming an aciniformmorphology.carbon black, nan engineered material,
9、primarily composedof elemental carbon, obtained from the partial combustion orthermal decomposition of hydrocarbons, existing as aggre-gates of aciniform morphology which are composed ofspheroidal primary particles which exhibit uniformity ofprimary particle sizes within a given aggregate4and tur-bo
10、stratic layering within the primary particles.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits a hierarchy of morphologicalfeatures: particles (that is, primary particles), aggregates, and agglom-erates. While the fundamental building block of carbon black is theprimary particle, they almost never exist in isolation
11、, but are stronglyfused by covalent bonds into aggregates.4The primary particles areconceptual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the primaryparticle no longer exists, they are no longer discrete and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. Once produced, individual aggre-gates join tog
12、ether by van der Waals forces to form agglomerates.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on CarbonBlack and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.41 on Carbon BlackNomenclature and Terminology.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2015. Published January 2016. Orig
13、inallyapproved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D3053 13a. DOI:10.1520/D3053-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docu
14、ment Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4The one exception to this general characteristic of manufactured carbon blackis thermal black, in which primary particles may exist in isolation and the primaryparticle sizes wit
15、hin an aggregate are not necessarily uniform.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Agglomerates do not break down into smaller components unlessadequate force is applied (for example, shear force). Primary particleand aggreg
16、ate sizes are distributional properties and vary depending onthe carbon black grade. Transmission electron micrographs shown inAnnex A1 of Practice D6602 demonstrate that while primary particleand aggregate sizes vary greatly within a given grade of carbon black,the primary particle size is essentia
17、lly uniform within an individualaggregate.4carbon black, carcass grade, na type of furnace carbonblack having an average nitrogen surface area in the range of21 to 69 m2/g.DISCUSSIONCarcass-grade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubber industry is
18、notlimited to the carcass portion of the tire. These grades are designatedwith an “N” first character and a second character of “4, 5, 6, or 7” inTable 1 of Classification D1765. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of carcass.carbon black, furnace, na type of carbon black produced bythe decompos
19、ition reaction of hydrocarbons when injectedinto a high-velocity stream of combustion gases undercontrolled conditions.carbon black, hard, nSee carbon black, tread grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcemen
20、t is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, semi-reinforcing, nSee carbon black, car-cass grade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of
21、reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, soft, nSee carbon black, carcass grade, thepreferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinforcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of re
22、inforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black, surface activity, nthe inherent ability of thecarbon black surface to interact physically or chemically, orboth, with rubber or other molecules.carbon black, tar
23、get value, na consensus value for selectedprimary properties on which producers center their manu-facturing process and users center their specification.DISCUSSIONTarget values for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce.carbo
24、n black, thermal, na type of carbon black producedunder controlled conditions by the thermal decomposition ofhydrocarbons in the absence of air or flames.DISCUSSIONThese grades are designated with an “N” first characterand a second character of “8 or 9” in Table 1 of Classification D1765.carbon blac
25、k, thermal, acetylenic, na thermal black pro-duced from acetylene gas.carbon black, tread grade, na type of furnace carbon blackhaving an average nitrogen surface area of 70 m2/g orgreater.DISCUSSIONTread grade carbon blacks are produced by the oilfurnace process. The use of these grades in the rubb
26、er industry is notlimited to the tread portion of the tire. These grades are designated withan “N” first character and a second character of “0, 1, 2, or 3” in Table 1of Classification D1765.carbon black, typical value, na consensus value for thosecarbon black properties that are not specifically ta
27、rgeted forcontrol in the manufacturing process and that are somewhatdependent upon the targeted properties.DISCUSSIONTypical values for carbon black properties are shown inClassification D1765 for most rubber grade carbon blacks currently incommerce. These are consensus values based upon the range i
28、n valuessupplied by the manufacturers. Typical values are useful in makingcomparisons between grades but they are not the set-point targets forthe process and may be expected to differ significantly betweenproducers.carbon black agglomerate, na cluster of physically boundand entangled aggregates.DIS
29、CUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.carbon black aggregate, na discrete, rigid, colloidal mass ofextensively coalesced particles; it is the smallest dispersibleunit.carbon black microstructure, narrangement of carbonatoms within a carbon black particle.carbon black particle, na small spheroidally shaped(pa
30、racrystalline, non-discrete) component of a carbon blackaggregate; it is separable from the aggregate only byfracturing.carbon black particle diameter, narithmetic average of thediameters of particles within a carbon black aggregate asmeasured by electron microscopy.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D3849.c
31、arbon black pellet, na relatively large agglomerate massthat has been densified in spheroidal form to facilitatehandling and processing.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1511.carbon black reinforcing, nSee carbon black, treadgrade, the preferred term.DISCUSSIONAll carbon blacks provide some level of reinfo
32、rcementwhen mixed in rubber. The amount of reinforcement is a function of thecarbon black grade and amount used. See Terminology D1566 for thedefinition of reinforcement.carbon black structure, nthe quality of irregularity anddeviation from sphericity of the shape of a carbon blackaggregate.carbon b
33、lack weight mean particle size, nratio equal to thesum of individual particle diameters, each raised to thefourth power, divided by the sum of the individual particlediameters, raised to the third power.carbon char, nthe unprocessed material obtained after apyrolysis process of scrapped rubber goods
34、 or the unpro-cessed material produced from pyrolysis of biomaterials.DISCUSSIONDue to its lack of post processing, carbon char may stillcontain wire and fabric, and is typically not pelletized. This materialhas little or no reinforcing properties if introduced into a rubberD3053 152compound. The ma
35、terial has been used as a low cost carbon fuel orapplications that require low cost, non-reinforcing pressed oil absorption number (COAN), nSee oilabsorption number of compressed sample, the preferredterm.dispersion, ndegree of uniform distribution of a fillersprimary unit (i.e., aggregate of carbon
36、 black) into a com-pound. See also macro-dispersion, micro-dispersion, andvisual dispersion.fines, nthat portion of pelleted carbon black that passesthrough a specified sieve under standard conditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1508.heating loss, nmass loss, in percent, when carbon black isheated at
37、 125C for 1 h; the heating loss is primarilyattributed to moisture content.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D1509.individual pellet hardness, nthe force required to fractureor crush a carbon black pellet.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D3313 and D5230.iodine adsorption number, nthe number of grams of iodineads
38、orbed per kilogram of carbon black under specifiedconditions.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1510.lot, na quantity of carbon black that is essentially uniform incomposition and characteristics.lot sample, na quantity of carbon black selected to representa lot for testing purposes and taken in accordance
39、withPractice D1799 or D1900.macro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of filler into acompound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to a light microscope,profilometer, or interferometric microscope, generally on ascale of less than 100 m but greater than 2
40、m.DISCUSSIONSee Test Methods D2663.mass strength, na measure of the tendency for carbon blackpellets to pack together and to influence flow in a bulkhandling system.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D1937.material, na quantity of carbon black with unique compo-sition and characteristics.moisture content, nt
41、he percentage, by mass, of waterabsorbed and adsorbed by carbon black.DISCUSSIONSee heating loss.micro-dispersion, ndegree of distribution of a fillers pri-mary unit (that is, aggregate of carbon black) into acompound that can be assessed with the aid of instrumenta-tion including but not limited to
42、 an electron microscope orscanning probe microscope, generally on a scale of less than2 m.nanomaterial, nmaterial with any external dimension in thenanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure inthe nanoscale.DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology com-posed of spheroidal
43、 “primary particles” strongly fused together to formdiscrete entities called aggregates.5The primary particles are concep-tual in nature, in that once the aggregate is formed the “primaryparticle” no longer exists, they are no longer discrete, and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. The aggrega
44、tes are loosely heldtogether by weaker forces forming larger entities called agglomerates.The agglomerates will break down into aggregates if adequate force isapplied (for example, shear force). Aggregates are the smallest dispers-ible unit.5Carbon black is placed on the market in the form ofagglome
45、rates. Following the definition and using the terminology of theISO Technical Committee 229 “Nanotechnologies,” carbon black isconsidered a nanostructured material (material having internal orsurface structure in the nanoscale).nanoparticle, na nano-object with all three external dimen-sions in the
46、nanoscale size range (that is, approximately 1 to100 nm).DISCUSSIONCarbon black exhibits aciniform morphology com-posed of spheroidal “primary particles” strongly fused together to formdiscrete entities called aggregates.5The primary particles are concep-tual in nature, in that once the aggregate is
47、 formed the “primaryparticle” no longer exists, they are no longer discrete, and have nophysical boundaries amongst them. The aggregates are loosely heldtogether by weaker forces forming larger entities called agglomerates.The agglomerates will break down into aggregates if adequate force isapplied
48、(for example, shear force). Aggregates are the smallest dispers-ible unit.5Carbon black is placed on the market in the form ofagglomerates. Following the definition and using the terminology of theISO Technical Committee 229 “Nanotechnologies,” carbon black isconsidered a nanostructured material (ma
49、terial having internal orsurface structure in the nanoscale).nitrogen surface area (NSA), nthe total surface area ofcarbon black that is calculated from nitrogen adsorption datausing the B.E.T. theory.DISCUSSIONSee Test Method D6556.oil absorption number (OAN), nthe number of cubiccentimetres of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) or paraffin oil ab-sorbed by 100 g of carbon black under specified conditions.DISCUSSIONThe OAN value is proportional to the degree ofaggregation of structure level of
