1、Designation: D3514/D3514M 10Standard Test Method forPilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes ofTextile Fabrics: Elastomeric Pad1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3514/D3514M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-tance to the formation of pi
3、lls and other surface distortionssuch as fuzzing of textile fabrics. The method utilizes the StollQuartermaster Universal Wear Tester with the frosting attach-ment. The procedure is generally applicable to all types ofwoven and knitted fabrics.NOTE 1For other current test methods of testing the pill
4、ing resistanceof textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511, D3512, and D4970.1.2 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned beforetesting.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated
5、 with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD3511 Test Method for Pillin
6、g Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Brush PillingTesterD3512 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Random TumblePilling TesterD4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties of TextilesD4850 Ter
7、minology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric TestMethodsD4970 Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Re-lated Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: MartindaleTester2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:ADJD3512 Set of Photographic Standards for RandomTumble Pilling Test3ADJD3514 Three Sets of Five Photographic Standards
8、 forElastomeric Pad Pilling Test43. Terminology3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric TestMethods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation andRelated Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.3.2.1 The following terms are releva
9、nt to this standard: fuzz,pilling resistance, pills.3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer toTerminology D123.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Pilling and other changes in surface appearance thatoccur in normal wear are simulated on a laboratory testingmachine. Fabric samples are washe
10、d or drycleaned, dependingon expected refurbishment, followed by controlled rubbingagainst an elastomeric pad having specifically selected me-chanical properties. The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated bycomparison of the tested specimens with visual standards thatmay be actual fabrics, or photog
11、raphs of fabrics, showing arange of pilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling isreported using an arbitrary rating scale.5. Significance and Use5.1 Acceptance TestingThis method of testing fabrics forresistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing.If it is used for accep
12、tance testing, it should be used withcaution because interlaboratory data are not available. In somecases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Te
13、st Methods,Specific.Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D3514 09. DOI:10.1520/D3514_D3514M-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at se
14、rviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJD3512. Original adjunct produced in 1993.4Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adj
15、unct No.ADJD3514.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Smercial shipment of one or more specific materials by thebest available method, even though the method has not beenrecommended for acceptance testing.5.1.1 If there is a disa
16、greement arising from differences invalues reported by the purchaser and the supplier when usingTest Method D3514 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias,if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and thelaboratory of the supplier should be determined based ontesting specimens randomly dra
17、wn from one sample of mate-rial of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assis-tance is recommended for the investigation of bias.Aminimumof two parties should take a group of test specimens which areas homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot ofmaterial of the type in question. Th
18、e test specimens should thenbe randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory fortesting. The average test results from the two laboratoriesshould be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol andprobability level chosen by the two parties before the testingbegins. Appropriate statisti
19、cal disciplines for comparing datamust be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. Ifa bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, orthe purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret futuretest results with consideration for the known bias.5.2 The pilling of textile f
20、abrics is a very complex propertybecause it is affected by many factors which may include typeof fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construc-tion, and fabric finishing treatments. The pilling resistance of aspecific fabric in actual wear varies more with general condi-tions of use an
21、d individual wearers than in replicate fabricspecimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This expe-rience should be borne in mind when adopting levels ofacceptability for any series of standards.5.3 Finishes and fabric surface changes may exert a largeeffect on pilling. It is recommended tha
22、t fabrics be tested afterlaundering or drycleaning, or both. Testing before refurbishingmay also be advisable. Prior agreement between interestedparties should determine the state of test.5.4 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance anddepend on the presence of lint and degree of color contrast
23、.These factors are not evaluated when pilling is rated solely onthe number of pills. The development of pills may be accom-panied by other surface phenomena such as loss of cover, colorchange, or the development of fuzz. Since the overall accept-ability of a specific fabric is dependent on both the
24、character-istics of the pills and the other factors affecting surfaceappearance, it is suggested that fabrics tested in the laboratorybe evaluated subjectively with regard to their acceptability andnot rated solely on the number of pills developed. A series ofstandards, based on graduated degrees of
25、 surface change of thefabric type being tested, may be set up to provide a basis forsubjective ratings. The visual standards are most advantageouswhen the laboratory test specimens correlate closely in appear-ance with worn fabrics and show a similar ratio of pills to fuzz.Counting the pills and wei
26、ghting their number with respect totheir size and contrast, as a combined measure of pillingresistance, is not recommended because of the excessive timerequired for counting, sizing, and calculation.5.5 The degree of fabric pilling is evaluated by comparingthe tested specimens with visual standards,
27、 which may beactual fabrics or photographs of fabrics, showing a range ofpilling resistance. The observed resistance to pilling is reportedon an arbitrary scale ranging from 5 (no pilling) to 1 (verysevere pilling).5.6 This test method is applicable to a wide variety ofwoven and knitted fabrics that
28、 vary in pilling propensity as aresult of variations in fiber, yarn and fabric structure, andfinish. The applicability of the test method to non-wovenfabrics has not been determined.6. Apparatus and Materials6.1 Stoll Quartermaster Universal Wear Tester,5with frost-ing attachment.6.2 Elastomeric Fri
29、ction Pad,5mounted on the bottom sideof the tester pressure plate. This is a pad made especially forthis test. It is attached to the pressure plate by means of sideclamps, and secured at the front by a strip of tape.6.2.1 Elastomeric Base Pad,5attached to the specimenholder of the frosting attachmen
30、t. This pad is made especiallyfor this test.6.3 Twill Fabric, cotton or polyester/cotton blend 170 to 270g/m25.0 to 8.0 oz/yd2 with a moderately coarse weave.6.4 Emery Paper, 150-grit, for preparation of the base pad.6.5 Rubber Ring,550 6 1mm26 0.1 in. inside diameterand 61 6 1 mm 2.44 6 0.1 in. out
31、side diameter, to secure thespecimen to the holder.6.6 Test Tube Brush, small, to remove loose fibers fromspecimens after testing.6.7 Cleaning Solvent, acetone or other appropriate solventto clean the elastomeric pad (see 7.1).6.8 Facilities for Laundering SamplesIf needed.6.9 Facilities for Dryclea
32、ning SamplesIf needed.6.10 Standard In-House Pilling Test Fabric, having anestablished pilling resistance rating for checking machineperformance. No universal standard fabric is available. Eachtest facility must decide on an appropriate fabric.6.11 Overhead Lighting for Test Specimen EvaluationTwo 2
33、.4 m 8 ft Type F-96 cool-white preheat rapid-startfluorescent lamps with white enamel reflectors, and withoutbaffles or glass (see Fig. 1).6.12 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationFacilities for illu-mination (cool white fluorescent tube) and simultaneous view-ing of test specimen and fabric or photograp
34、h rating standards.Apparatus and option for visual evaluation are listed in Table 1.6.13 Ratings Standards:6.13.1 FabricA series of tested specimens of a specificfabric type which shows degree of pilling or other distortion, orboth, for each type of fabric to be tested. Store the fabric ratingstanda
35、rds and handle them under conditions that will preservetheir original form and appearance. Mounting with thickcardboard framing around the specimens is recommended.6.13.2 PhotographicThree sets of five photographic stan-dards 80 mm 3.13 in. corresponding to the size of pills5For additional informati
36、on on obtaining apparatus, equipment, or supplies thatmay be suitable for use in this standard, please visit the ASTM ManufacturersEquipment Directory at www.astm.org.D3514/D3514M 102produced (that is, small, medium, and large) and numbered 1 to5 illustrating varying degrees of pilling from “very se
37、verepilling” to “no pilling” such as ADJD3514 (ADJD3512 mayalso be used).6.13.3 Digital imaging or rating system, or both.7. Hazardous Materials7.1 Solvents used in this test method may be hazardous.Refer to the manufacturers material safety data sheets forinformation on use, handling, storage, and
38、disposal of theseproducts.8. Sampling8.1 Primary Sampling UnitConsider rolls of fabric orfabric components of fabricated systems to be the primarysampling unit, as applicable.NOTE 2An adequate specification or other agreement between pur-chaser and supplier requires taking into account the variabili
39、ty amongrolls, bolts, or pieces of fabric and among specimens from a swatch offabric from a roll, bolt, or piece, or among cartons of garments andbetween garments within a carton, to provide a sampling plan with ameaningful producers risk, consumers risk, acceptable quality level, andlimiting qualit
40、y level.8.2 Laboratory Sampling UnitFrom each primary sam-pling unit take one full-width piece of fabric that is1m1ydin length along the selvage (machine direction), after firstremoving a 1 m 1 yd length. For fabric components offabricated systems use the entire system.8.2.1 For acceptance testing o
41、f garments, take one garmentfrom each carton (see Note 2).9. Test Specimens: Selection, Number, and Preparation9.1 Unless otherwise specified, samples should be washedor dry cleaned before cutting the test specimens, using condi-tions appropriate for the fabric end use or conditions agreedupon by al
42、l interested parties.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Fabric EvaluationTABLE 1 Viewing Apparatus and OptionsApparatus Specimen PreparationASTM Lightbox (Fig. 1)A0.78 rad (45)LightboxB0.78 rad (45)LightboxBflatLightboxBcritical angleAs determined by the buyer and supplierAThe sole source of supply of the apparat
43、us known to the committee at this timeis Standard Scientific Supply Co., 601 West Market Street, Bethlehem, PA180185208. If you are aware of alternate suppliers, please provide this informa-tion to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible tec
44、hnical committee, which you may attend.BAvailable commercially.D3514/D3514M 1039.2 Cut test specimens squares, 125 3 125 6 2.5 mm 5 35 6 0.1 in. with the sides parallel to the warp (wale) and filling(course) directions, or circles, 100 6 2mm46 0.1 in. indiameter.9.2.1 Take three specimens from each
45、laboratory unit. Takethe specimens evenly spaced across the width of the laboratorysample, or from three different panels in a garment. Specimensshould be staggered in such a manner that no two specimenscontain the same yarns. Avoid areas with wrinkles and otherdistortions. Unless otherwise specifie
46、d, do not take specimensnearer the selvage than one tenth the width of the fabric.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Level the specimen holder base pad properly to posi-tion the fabric specimen flat against the friction pad during thetest. Do this by rubbing the base pad against a piece of 150-griteme
47、ry paper mounted snugly on the bottom side of the pressureplate.10.1.1 Once the base pad is properly prepared, it will last foran indefinite time. Do not remove the base pad thereafter fromthe specimen holder because this will disturb the alignment.Retain an additional specimen holder for use with o
48、ther tests onthe Stoll tester.10.2 Preparation of Friction PadsBefore a new frictionpad is used for testing, prepare it by attaching it to the pressureplate and rubbing it under a5N1lbf force against a mountedpolyester/cotton twill fabric (see 6.3). Continue this until thesurface shine in the rubbin
49、g area is completely and uniformlyremoved.10.2.1 Use the pad in the same position thereafter to alwayspresent a uniformly smooth surface to subsequently testedspecimens. Accomplish this by applying appropriate alignmentmarks to the pad and pressure plate. Always use the frictionpad with the same base pad with which it was prepared.10.3 Monitoring Repeatability of InstrumentPerformancePeriodically run a standard in-house test fabricof known pilling rating to check the reproducibility of theresult being obtained with a given pad.NOTE
