1、Designation: D 4006 07Designation: Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards (MPMS), Chapter 10.2Designation: IP 358/97An American National StandardStandard Test Method forWater in Crude Oil by Distillation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4006; the number immediately following
2、the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved f
3、or use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of water incrude oil by distillation.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard t
4、o establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificwarning statements, see 6.1 and A1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by Distill
5、ation (API MPMS Chapter10.5)D96 Test Methods for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil byCentrifuge Method (Field Procedure) (API MPMS Chapter10.4)3D 473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and FuelOils by the Extraction Method (API MPMS Chapter 10.1)D 665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristic
6、s ofInhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of WaterD 1796 Test Method forWater and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure) (APIMPMS Chapter 10.6)D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products (API MPMS Chapter 8.1) (APIMPMS Chapter 8.2)E 123 Specif
7、ication for Apparatus for Determination ofWater by Distillation2.2 API Standards:MPMS Chapter 8.1 Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products (ASTM Practice D 4057 (API MPMSChapter 8.1)MPMS Chapter 8.2 Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products (ASTM Practice D 4177)MPMS Chapter 10
8、.1 Test Method for Sediment in CrudeOils and Fuel Oils by the Extraction Method (ASTM TestMethod D 473)MPMS Chapter 10.4 Determination of Water and/or Sedi-ment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (FieldProcedure) (ASTM Test Method D96)MPMS Chapter 10.5 Test Method for Water in PetroleumProducts a
9、nd Bituminous Materials by Distillation(ASTM Test Method D95)MPMS Chapter 10.6 Test Method forWater and Sediment inFuel Oils by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Proce-dure) (ASTM Test Method D 1796)3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The sample is heated under reflux conditions with awater immiscible solv
10、ent which co-distills with the water in thesample. Condensed solvent and water are continuously sepa-rated in a trapthe water settles in the graduated section of thetrap, and the solvent returns to the distillation flask.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum P
11、roducts and Lubricants and the API Committee on Petroleum Measure-ment, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.02/COMQ, the jointASTMAPI committee on Static Petroleum Measurement. This test method hasbeen approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the CooperatingSocieties in
12、 accordance with established procedures. This test method was issued asa joint ASTM-API-IP standard in 1981.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 400681(2005).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the
13、ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3ASTM standard withdrawn.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright A
14、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Significance and Use4.1 A knowledge of the water content of crude oil isimportant in the refining, purchase, sale, or transfer of crudeoils.5. Apparatus5.1 The preferred apparatus, shown in Fig.
15、 1, consists of aglass distillation flask, a condenser, a graduated glass trap,4anda heater. Other types of distillation apparatus are specified inSpecification E 123. Any of these apparatus will be acceptablefor this test method provided it can be demonstrated that theyoperate within the precision
16、established with the preferredapparatus.5.1.1 Distillation FlaskA 1000-mL round-bottom, glass,distillation flask fitted with a 24/40 female taper joint shall beused. This flask receives a 5-mL calibrated, graduated watertrap with 0.05-mL graduations. The trap will be fitted with a400-mm Liebig conde
17、nser. A drying tube filled with desiccant(to prevent entrance of atmospheric moisture) is placed on topof the condenser.5.1.2 HeaterAny suitable gas or electric heater that canuniformly distribute heat to the entire lower half of the flaskmay be used. An electric heating mantle is preferred for safe
18、tyreasons.5.1.3 The apparatus used in this test will be accepted whensatisfactory results are obtained by the calibration techniquedescribed in Section 8.6. Solvent6.1 Xylenereagent grade (WarningExtremely flam-mable. Vapor harmful. See Annex A1.) A solvent blank will beestablished by placing 400 mL
19、 of solvent in the distillationapparatus and testing as outlined in Section 9. The blank willbe determined to the nearest 0.025 mL and used to correct thevolume of water in the trap as in Section 10.6.2 The xylene used in this procedure is generally a mixtureof ortho, meta, and para isomers and may
20、contain some ethylbenzene. The typical characteristics for this reagent are:Color (APHA) not more than 10Boiling range 137144CResidue after evaporation 0.002 %Sulfur compounds (as S) 0.003 %Substances darkened by H2SO4Color pass testWater (H2O) 0.02 %Heavy metals (as Pb) 0.1 ppmCopper (Cu) 0.1 ppmIr
21、on (Fe) 0.1 ppmNickel (Ni) 0.1 ppmSilver (Ag) 0.1 ppm7. Sampling, Test Samples, and Test Units7.1 Sampling is defined as all steps required to obtain analiquot of the contents of any pipe, tank, or other system and toplace the sample into the laboratory test container.7.1.1 Laboratory SampleOnly rep
22、resentative samples ob-tained as specified in Practice D 4057 (API MPMS Chapter8.1) and Practice D 4177 (API MPMS Chapter 8.2) shall beused for this test method.7.1.2 Preparation of Test SamplesThe following samplehandling procedure shall apply in addition to those covered in7.1.1.7.1.2.1 The sample
23、 size shall be selected as indicated belowbased on the expected water content of the sample:Expected Water Content,weight or volume %Approximate Sample Size,gormL50.1100.0 525.1 50.0 1010.1 25.0 205.1 10.0 501.1 5.0 1000.5 1.0 200less than 0.5 2007.1.2.2 If there is any doubt about the uniformity of
24、 themixed sample, determinations should be made on at least threetest portions and the average result reported as the watercontent.7.1.2.3 To determine water on a volume basis, measuremobile liquids in a 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, or 200-mL calibrated,graduated cylinder (NBS Class A) depending on the sampl
25、esize indicated in 7.1.2.1. Take care to pour the sample slowlyinto the graduated cylinder to avoid entrapment of air and toadjust the level as closely as possible to the appropriategraduation. Carefully pour the contents of the cylinder into thedistillation flask and rinse the cylinder five times w
26、ith portionsof xylene equivalent to one-fifth of the capacity of thegraduated cylinder and add the rinsings to the flask. Drain thecylinder thoroughly to ensure complete sample transfer.4Available on special order from Scientific GlassApparatus Co., Bloomfield, NJ07003.FIG. 1 Distillation ApparatusD
27、40060727.1.2.4 To determine water on a mass basis, weigh a testportion of sample in accordance with 7.1.2.1, pouring thesample directly into the distillation flask. If a transfer vessel(beaker or cylinder) must be used, rinse it with at least fiveportions of xylene and add the rinsings to the flask.
28、8. Calibration8.1 Calibrate both the trap and the entire assembly prior toinitial use and after any equipment changes as indicated in8.1.1-8.1.3. Additionally, calibrate both the trap and the entireassembly periodically, at a frequency not to exceed yearly.8.1.1 Verify the accuracy of the graduation
29、 marks on thetrap by adding 0.05-mL increments of distilled water, at 20C,from a 5-mL microburet or a precision micro-pipet readable tothe nearest 0.01 mL. If there is a deviation of more than0.050 mL between the water added and water observed, rejectthe trap or recalibrate.8.1.2 Also calibrate the
30、entire apparatus. Put 400 mL of dry(0.02 % water maximum) xylene in the apparatus and test inaccordance with Section 9. When complete, discard the con-tents of the trap and add 1.00 6 0.01 mLof distilled water fromthe buret or micro-pipet, at 20C, directly to the distillationflask and test in accord
31、ance with Section 9. Repeat 8.1.2 andadd 4.50 6 0.01 mL directly to the flask. The assembly of theapparatus is satisfactory only if trap readings are within thetolerances specified here:Limits Capacity Volume of Water Permissible forof Trap at 20C, Added at 20C, Recovered WatermL mL at 20C, mL5.005.
32、001.004.501.006 0.0254.50 6 0.0258.1.3 A reading outside the limits suggests malfunctioningdue to vapor leaks, too rapid boiling, inaccuracies in gradua-tions of the trap, or ingress of extraneous moisture. Thesemalfunctions must be eliminated before repeating 8.1.2.9. Procedure9.1 The precision of
33、this test method can be affected bywater droplets adhering to surfaces in the apparatus andtherefore not settling into the water trap to be measured. Tominimize the problem, all apparatus must be chemicallycleaned at least daily to remove surface films and debris whichhinder free drainage of water i
34、n the test apparatus. Morefrequent cleaning is recommended if the nature of the samplesbeing run causes persistent contamination.9.2 To determine water on a volume basis, proceed asindicated in 7.1.2.3. Add sufficient xylene to the flask to makethe total xylene volume 400 mL.9.2.1 To determine water
35、 on a mass basis, proceed asindicated in 7.1.2.4. Add sufficient xylene to the flask to makethe total xylene volume 400 mL.9.2.2 A magnetic stirrer is the most effective device toreduce bumping. Glass beads or other boiling aids, althoughless effective, have been found to be useful.9.3 Assemble the
36、apparatus as shown in Fig. 1, making sureall connections are vapor and liquid-tight. It is recommendedthat glass joints not be greased. Insert a drying tube containingan indicating desiccant into the end of the condenser to preventcondensation of atmospheric moisture inside the condenser.Circulate w
37、ater, between 20 and 25C, through the condenserjacket.9.4 Apply heat to the flask. The type of crude oil beingevaluated can significantly alter the boiling characteristics ofthe crude-solvent mixture. Heat should be applied slowlyduring the initial stages of the distillation (approximately12 to1 h)
38、to prevent bumping and possible loss of water from thesystem. (Condensate shall not proceed higher than threequarters of the distance up the condenser inner tube (Point A inFig. 1).) To facilitate condenser wash-down, the condensateshould be held as close as possible to the condenser outlet.After th
39、e initial heating, adjust the rate of boiling so that thecondensate proceeds no more than three quarters of thedistance up the condenser inner tube. Distillate should dis-charge into the trap at the rate of approximately 2 to 5 drops persecond. Continue distillation until no water is visible in anyp
40、art of the apparatus, except in the trap, and the volume ofwater in the trap remains constant for at least 5 min. If there isa persistent accumulation of water droplets in the condenserinner tube, flush with xylene. (A jet spray washing tube, seeFig. 2, or equivalent device is recommended.) The addi
41、tion ofan oil-soluble emulsion breaker at a concentration of 1000 ppmto the xylene wash helps dislodge the clinging water drops.After flushing, redistill for at least 5 min (the heat must be shutoff at least 15 min prior to wash-down to prevent bumping).After wash-down, apply heat slowly to prevent
42、bumping.Repeat this procedure until no water is visible in the condenserand the volume of water in the trap remains constant for at least5 min. If this procedure does not dislodge the water, use theTFE-fluorocarbon scraper, pick shown in Fig. 2, or equivalentdevice to cause the water to run into the
43、 trap.9.5 When the carryover of water is complete, allow the trapand contents to cool to 20C. Dislodge any drops of wateradhering to the sides of the trap with the TFE-fluorocarbonscraper or pick and transfer them to the water layer. Read thevolume of the water in the trap. The trap is graduated in0
44、.05-mL increments, but the volume is estimated to the nearest0.025 mL.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the water in the sample as follows:Volume % 5A B!C3 100 (1)Volume % 5A B!M/D!3 100 (2)Mass % 5A B!M3 100 (3)where:A = mL of water in trap,B = mL of solvent blank,C = mL of test sample,M = g of test sa
45、mple, andD = density of sample, g/mL.Volatile water-soluble material, if present, may bemeasured as water.D400607311. Report11.1 Report the result as the water content to the nearest0.025 %, reporting water content of less than 0.025 % as 0 %,and reference this Test Method D 4006 (API MPMS Chapter10
46、.2) as the procedure used.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The precision of this test method, as obtained bystatistical examination of interlaboratory test results in therange from 0.01 to 1.0 %, is described in 12.1.1 and 12.1.2.12.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successivetest results, obtained
47、by the same operator with the sameapparatus under constant operating conditions on identical testmaterial, would, in the long run, in the normal and correctoperation of the test method, exceed the following value inonly one case in twenty:From 0.0 % to 0.1 % water, see Fig. 3.Greater than 0.1 % wate
48、r, repeatability is constant at 0.08.12.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between the twosingle and independent test results obtained by differentoperators working in different laboratories on identical testmaterial, would, in the long run, in the normal and correctoperation of the test method, exce
49、ed the following value inonly one case in twenty:From 0.0 % to 0.1 % water, see Fig. 3Greater than 0.1 % water, reproducibility is constant at 0.11.13. Keywords13.1 crude oil; distillation; waterFIG. 2 Pick, Scraper, and Jet Spray Tube for Distillation ApparatusD4006074ANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. WARNING STATEMENTA1.1 XyleneA1.1.1 Keep away from heat, sparks, and open flame.A1.1.2 Keep container closed.A1.1.3 Use with adequate ventilation.A1.1.4 Avoid breathing of vapor or spray mist.A1.1.5 Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin.APPENDI
