1、Designation: D4167 97 (Reapproved 2007)D4167 15 An American National StandardStandard Specification forFiber-Reinforced Plastic Fans and Blowers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers centrifugal and axial fans and blowers with airstream comp
3、onents fabricated of fiber-reinforcedthermoset plastics (FRP) for corrosion resistance. Internal structures mayIt is acceptable for internal structures to includeencapsulated metal fastening devices, hubs, and shafts.1.2 Reinforcing materials other than fibrous glass may be used are acceptable for u
4、se in the fabrication, provided the fans andblowers produced meet all the requirements of this specification.1.3 The term “fans” as used in this specification includes fans and blowers, both centrifugal and axial.1.4 The purpose of this specification is to provide users, system designers, specifiers
5、, and manufacturers of FRP fans withminimum standards for fan construction and a common basis for determining safe operating speeds.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.NOTE 1There is no similar
6、 or equivalent ISO known ISO equivalent to this standard.NOTE 2Appendix X2 contains a list of documents that may be potentially of interest to designers of fan systems.1.6 This standard does not puportpurport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibi
7、lity of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and helathhealth practices and determine the applicabilityof regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Cor
8、rosion-Resistant EquipmentD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD2563 Practice for Classifying Visual Defects in Glass-Reinforced Plastic Laminate Parts2.2 Other Standards:AMCA 99 Standards Handbook3AMCA Fan and Air System Applications Handbook (AMCA 200, 201, 202, 203)3AMCA Bulletin 210 Laboratory M
9、ethods of Testing Fans for Rating PurposesCertified Aerodynamic Performance Rating3ANSI S2.19AMCA 300 Balance Quality of Rotating Rigid BodiesReverberant Room Method for Sound Testing of Fans3AMCA 301 Methods for Calculating Fan Sound Ratings from Laboratory Test Data3ACGIH Industrial Ventilation: A
10、 Manual of Recommended Practice4NFPA 91 Standard for Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Vapors, Gases, Mists, and Particulate Solids53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of terms used in this specification are the same as those found in Terminology D883.1 This specification is under the ju
11、risdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Plastic PipingSystems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007Dec. 1, 2015. Published December 2007January 2016. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition a
12、pproved in 20022007as D4167 97(2002). 97(2007). DOI: 10.1520/D4167-97R07.10.1520/D4167-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summ
13、ary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from Air Movement and Control Association, Association International, 30 West University Dr., Arlington Heights, IL 60004.60004, http:/www.amca.org.4 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, h
14、ttp:/www.ansi.org.Conference of GovernmentalIndustrial Hygienists (ACGIH), 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45240, http:/www.acgih.org.5 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269, http:/www.nfpa.org.This document is not an ASTM standard a
15、nd is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only
16、 the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Construction of Fan
17、 Housings4.1 Laminate Construction shall conform to Specification C582. The same resin shall be used throughout a housing unless theuser and manufacturer agree to use a different resin for the inner surface and interior layer than for the structural layer.4.1.1 The inner surface exposed to the chemi
18、cal environment shall be a resin-rich layer 0.010 to 0.020 in. (0.25 to 0.5 mm) thickreinforced with a suitable chemical-resistant glass-fiber surface mat or with an organic-fiber surface mat.4.1.2 The inner surface layer shall be followed with an interior layer composed of resin reinforced only wit
19、h noncontinuousnon-continuous glass-fiber strands applied in a minimum of two plies of chopped-strand mat equivalent to a total of 3 oz/ft2 (0.92(0.92kg/m2).As an alternative, a minimum of two passes of chopped roving of minimum length of 0.5 in. (13 mm) to a maximum lengthof 2.0 in. (50.8 mm) shall
20、 be applied uniformly to an equivalent weight of 3 oz/ft2 (0.92(0.92 kg/m2). Each ply of mat or passof chopped roving shall be well rolled prior to the application of additional reinforcement. The combined thickness of the innersurface and interior layer shall not be less than 0.10 in. (2.5 mm).4.1.
21、3 The structural layer comprises the balance of the housing laminate.NOTE 3Although fan housings are subject to vibrational stresses, the design considerations regarding construction of the laminate are similar to thoseused for static FRP process system components.4.2 Fastening Devices, such as bolt
22、s, shall be made of material the user and manufacturer agree is at least as corrosion-resistantto the specified corrosive environment as is the laminate construction, or shall be embedded in a laminate in such a way that thelaminate covering the device is reinforced with at least two layers of 112 o
23、z/ft2 (4.57 g/m2) chopped-strand glass mat and with thesame surface finish used in the housing laminate.4.3 Gasketing, used where housings are constructed so that sections or inspection panels are removable, shall be of elastomericmaterial sufficiently resilient to seal the sections. The gasketing s
24、hall be of material the user and manufacturer agree is suitable forthe corrosive environment.4.4 Housings, shall have minimum inside corner radii of 0.6 in. (15 mm).4.5 Suitable housing construction design shall be determined by running the fan at maximum-rated speed with the inlet blockedtight and
25、with an open outlet. The design will be deemed acceptable if the test does not cause any part of the housing to movemore than a distance equal to 12 of 1 % of the wheel diameter from the position with the fan not running.4.6 Where the user determines that system design is such that liquid mayit is p
26、ossible that liquid will collect in housings, thefan housings shall be specified with drains.5. Construction of Fan Wheels5.1 Where a history of service acceptable to the manufacturer and the user shows that resin systems and joint designs selectedfor use in the construction of fan wheels are accept
27、able, destruction tests need not be run. Where acceptable history does not exist,destruction tests shall be performed in accordance with Section 10.5.2 Defects visible in fan wheels shall be limited to those shown in Table 1 (taken from Practice D2563 and modified for specificuse with fan wheels).5.
28、3 Metal hubs, fasteners, and shafts shall be made of material at least as corrosion-resistant to the specified corrosiveenvironment as is the laminate construction, or be encapsulated with a laminate reinforced with at least two layers of 112 oz/ft2(45.7(45.7 g/m2) chopped-strand mat with the same s
29、urface finish that is used in the laminate.5.4 Shafts not made of corrosion-resistant alloy shall be protected by a sleeve of FRP extending out through the fan housinga minimum of 0.4 in. (10 mm) (see Section 7).5.5 Additives that obscure visual inspection shall be used only in the final surface coa
30、t(s) for the purpose of enhancing corrosionresistance or preventing the buildup of static electricity, or both.5.6 Acceptable surface treatments include the following: resin coating without reinforcement; resin coating with reinforcement,such as glass flakes, graphite, or surface veil; or resin coat
31、ing reinforced with other materials agreed upon by the fabricator anduser. Resins that exhibit air inhibition shall be paraffinated for use in the final coat.D4167 152TABLE 1 Allowable Defects in the Construction of FRP Fan Wheels (adapted from Practice D2563)Type of Defect Definition Degree Allowed
32、Chip A small piece broken off an edge or surface None permittedCrack An actual separation of the laminate, visible on opposite surfaces, and extending through thethicknessNone permittedCrack, surface Crack existing only on the surface of the laminate None permittedCrazing Fine cracks at or under the
33、 surface of a laminate None permittedDelamination, edge Separation of the layers of material at the edge of a laminate None permittedDelamination, internal Separation of the layers of material in a laminate None permittedDry spot Area of incomplete surface film where the reinforcement has not been w
34、etted with resin 0.4-in. (10-mm) diameter and1/ft2 (12/m2)Foreign inclusion(metallic)Metallic particles included in a laminate that are foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and1/ft2 (12/m2)Foreign inclusion(nonmetallic)Nonmetallic particles of substance included in a laminate that see
35、m foreign to its composition 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and1/ft2 (12/m2)Fracture Rupture of laminate surface without complete penetration None permittedAir bubble (void) Air entrapment within and between the plies of reinforcement, usually spherical in shape 0.04-in. (1-mm) diameter and200/ft2 (2000/m
36、2)Blister Rounded elevation of the surface of a laminate, with boundaries that may be more or lesssharply defined, somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the human skinNone permittedBlister Rounded elevation of the surface of a laminate, with boundaries more or lesssharply defined, somewhat resem
37、bling in shape a blister on the human skinNone permittedBurned Showing evidence of thermal decomposition through some discoloration, distortion, or destruc-tion of the surface of the laminateNone permittedBurned Showing evidence of thermal decomposition through some discoloration, distortion, or des
38、truc-tionof the surface of the laminateNone permittedFish-eye Small globular mass that has not blended completely into the surrounding material and isparticularly evident in a transparent or translucent materialNone permittedFish-eye Small globular mass that has not blended completely into the surro
39、unding material and isparticularly evident in a transparent or translucent materialNone permittedLack of fillout An area, occurring usually at the edge of a laminated plastic, where the reinforcement has notbeen wetted with resinNone permittedLack of fillout An area, occurring usually at the edge of
40、 a laminated plastic, where the reinforcement has notbeen wetted with resinNone permittedOrange peel Uneven surface somewhat resembling an orange peel None permittedPimple Small, sharp, or conical elevation on the surface of a laminate None permittedPit (pinhole) Small crater in the surface of a lam
41、inate, with its width approximately of the same order ofmagnitude as its depth0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and 200/ft2(2000/m2)Pit (pinhole) Small crater in the surface of a laminate, with its width approximately of the same order ofmagnitude as its depth0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and 200/ft2(2000/m2)Porosity (pinhole)
42、 Presence of numerous visible pits (pinholes) None permittedPre-gel An unintentional extra layer of cured resin on part of the surface of the laminate. (This conditiondoes not cover gel coats.)None permittedPre-gel An unintentional extra layer of cured resin on part of the surface of the laminate. (
43、This conditiondoes not cover gel coats.)None permittedResin pocket An apparent accumulation of excess resin in a small localized area within the laminate 0.125 by 0.250-in. (3 by 6mm) and 1/ft2 (12/m2)Resin-rich edge Insufficient reinforcing material at the edge of molded laminate None permittedShri
44、nk mark (sink) Depression in the surface of a molded laminate where it has retracted from the mold None permittedWash Area where the reinforcement of molded plastic has moved inadvertently during closure of themold resulting in resin-rich areasNone permittedWash Area where the reinforcement of molde
45、d plastic has moved inadvertently during closure of themold resulting in resin-rich areasNone permittedWormhole Elongated air entrapment that is either on or near the surface of a laminate and may becovered by a thin film of cured resinNone permittedWormhole Elongated air entrapment that is either o
46、n or near the surface of a laminate and potentially cov-eredby a thin film of cured resinNone permittedWrinkles In a laminate, an imperfection that has the appearance of a wave molded into one or more pliesof fabric or other reinforcement materialNone permittedWrinkles In a laminate, an imperfection
47、 that has the appearance of a wave molded into one or more pliesof fabric or other reinforcement materialNone permittedScratch Shallow mark groove, furrow, or channel caused by improper handling or storage None permittedShort In a laminate, an incompletely filled out conditionNoteThis may be evident
48、 either through an absence of surface film in some areas, or aslighter unfused particles of material showing through a covering surface film, possiblyaccompanied by thin-skinned blisters.None permittedShort In a laminate, an incompletely filled out conditionNoteIt is possible that this will be evide
49、nt either through an absence of surface film in someareas, or aslighter unfused particles of material showing through a covering surface film, possiblyaccompanied by thin-skinned blisters.None permittedD4167 1536. Spark-Resistant Construction6.1 Fans built in accordance with this specification will be spark-resistant, providing the outer surface of the wheel and the innersurface of the housing are rendered electrostatically conductive (Note 46.1.1). To be considered acceptably conductive, the surfaceresistivity between all points of the airstream surface and ground
