1、Designation: D4254 00 (Reapproved 2006)1D4254 14Standard Test Methods forMinimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils andCalculation of Relative Density1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4254; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1
3、 NOTECorrected research report reference in Section 12 editorially in March 2008.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the minimum-index dry density/unit weight of cohesionless, free-drainingsoils. The adjective “dry” before density or unit weight is omitted in the title and rem
4、aining portions of this standards to be beconsistent with the applicable definitions given in Section 3 on Terminology.1.2 System of units:Units:1.2.1 The testing apparatus described in this standard has been developed and manufactured using values in the gravimetric orinch-pound system. Therefore,
5、test apparatus dimensions and mass given in inch-pound units are regarded as the standard.1.2.2 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) anda unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that
6、 is, the absolute system and the gravitationalsystem. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. Thistest method has been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this syste
7、m, thepound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, balances or scales measure mass; and weight must be calculated. In theinch-pound system, it is common to assume that 1 lbf is equal to 1 lbm. While reporting density is not regarded as nonconformancewith this standard, unit weights shou
8、ld be calculated and reported since the results may be used to determine force or stress.1.2.3 The terms density and unit weight are often used interchangeably. Density is mass per unit volume, whereas unit weightis force per unit volume. In this standard, density is given only in SI units. After th
9、e density has been determined, the unit weightis calculated in SI or inch-pound units, or both.1.3 Three alternative methods are provided to determine the minimum index density/unit weight, as follows:1.3.1 Method AUsing a funnel pouring device or a hand scoop to place material in mold.1.3.2 Method
10、BDepositing material into a mold by extracting a soil filled tube.1.3.3 Method C 2Depositing material by inverting a graduated cylinder.1.4 The method to be used should be specified by the individual assigningagency requesting the test. If no method is specified,the provisions of Method A shall gove
11、rn. Test Method A is the preferred procedure for determining minimum index density/unitweight as used in conjunction with the procedures of Test Methods D4253. Methods B and C are provided for guidance of testingused in conjunction with special studies, especially where there is not enough material
12、available to use a 0.100 ft3 (2830 cm3) or0.500 ft3 (14 200 cm3) mold as required by Method A.1.5 These test methods are applicable to soils that may contain up to 15 %, by dry mass, of soil particles passing a No. 200(75-m) sieve, provided they still have cohesionless, free-draining characteristics
13、 (nominal sieve dimensions are in accordancewith Specification E11).1.5.1 Method A is applicable to soils in which 100 %, by dry mass, of soil particles pass a 3-in. (75-mm) sieve and which maycontain up to 30 %, by dry mass, of soil particles retained on a 112-inch (37.5-mm) sieve.1.5.2 Method B is
14、 applicable to soils in which 100 %, by dry mass, of soil particles pass a 34-inch (19.0-mm) sieve.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.03 on Texture, Plasticityand Density Characteristics of Soils.Cu
15、rrent edition approved Feb. 1, 2006Dec. 15, 2014. Published March 2006January 2015. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20002006 asD4254 00.D4254 00 (2006)1. DOI: 10.1520/D4254-00R06E01.10.1520/D4254-14.2 Kolbuszewski, J. J., “An Experimental Study of the Maximum and Minim
16、um Porosities of Sands,” Proceedings, Second International Conference on Soil Mechanicsand Foundation Engineering, Rotterdam Vol I, 1948, pp. 158165.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the
17、previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of
18、 Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.5.3 Method C is applicable only to fine and medium sands in which 100 %, by dry mass, of soil particles pass a 38-in.(9.5-mm) sieve
19、and which may contain up to 10 %, by dry mass, of soil particles retained on a No. 10 (2.00-mm) sieve.1.5.4 Soils, for the purposes of these test methods, shall be regarded as naturally occurring cohesionless soils, processedparticles, or composites or mixtures of natural soils, or mixtures of natur
20、al and processed particles, provided they are free-draining.1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in PracticeD6026.1.6.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated value(s) to specified limits, the measured or c
21、alculated value(s) shallbe rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.1.6.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industrystandard. In addition, they are representative of the significant di
22、gits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do notconsider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the users objectives;and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurat
23、e with these considerations.It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this st
24、andard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateD422 Test Method for Parti
25、cle-Size Analysis of SoilsD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water PycnometerD1140 Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-m (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by WashingD2216 Test Methods for Laborato
26、ry Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure)D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for
27、 Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil
28、, Rock, and ConstructionMaterials TestingD6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataD6913 Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve AnalysisE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Prec
29、ision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor common definitions in this standard refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Terms:3.2.1 dry densit
30、y/unit weight d or d, nthe dry density/unit weight of a soil deposit or fill at the given void ratio.3.2.2 given void ratio, e, nthe in-situ or stated void ratio of a soil deposit or fill.3.2.3 maximum index density/unit weight, ddmax or dmax, nthe reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the
31、densest stateof compactness that can be attained using a standard laboratory compaction procedure that minimizes particle segregation andbreakdown.3.2.4 maximum-index void ratio, emax, nthe reference void ratio of a soil at the minimum index density/unit weight.3.2.5 minimum index density/unit weigh
32、t demondmin or diminishdmin, n reference dry density/unit weight of a soil in the looseststate of compactness at which it can be placed using a standard laboratory procedure that prevents bulking and minimizes particlesegregation.3.2.6 minimum-index void ratio, emin, nthe reference void ratio of a s
33、oil at the maximum index density/unit weight.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.D4254 1423.2.7 r
34、elative density, Dd, nthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between the maximum index void ratio andany given void ratio of a cohesionless, free-draining soil to the difference between its maximum and minimum index void ratios.The equation is:Dd5 emax2eemax2emin3100 (1)or, in terms
35、 of corresponding dry densities:Dd5 dmaxd2demon!ddmax2demon!3100 (2)3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe equation for relative density is:Dd5 emax2eemax2emin3100 (1)or, in terms of corresponding dry densities:Dd5dmax d 2 dmin!d dmax 2 dmin!3100 (2)or, in terms of corresponding dry unit weights:Dd5dmax d 2 dmin!d d
36、max 2 dmin! (3)or, in terms of corresponding dry unit weights:Dd5dmaxd2demon!ddmax2demon!(3)3.2.8 density index/unit weight, Id, nthe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the difference between any given dry density/unitweight and the minimum index density/unit weight of a given cohesionless soil to
37、 the difference between its maximum andminimum index densities/unit weights. The equation is:Id5 d2demondmax2min3100 (4)or, in terms of corresponding dry unit weights:Id5 d2demondmax2demon3100 (5)3.2.8.1 DiscussionThe equation for density index/unit weight is:Id5d 2 dmin!dmax 2 dmin!3100 (4)or, in t
38、erms of corresponding dry unit weights:Id5d 2 dmin!dmax 2 dmin!3100 (5)4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The minimum index density/unit weight represents the loosest condition of a cohesionless, free-draining soil that can beattained by a standard laboratory procedure, which prevents bulking and minimize
39、s particle segregation. Any particular procedureselected will consist of determining All three methods determine the density/unit weight of oven-dried soil placed into a containerof known volume in such a manner that prevents bulking and particle segregation, and minimizes compaction of the soil.5.
40、Significance and Use5.1 The density/unit weight of a cohesionless soil may be determined by various in-place methods in the field or by themeasurement of physical dimensions and masses by laboratory soil specimens. The dry density/unit weight of a cohesionless soildoes not necessarily, by itself, re
41、veal whether the soil is loose or dense.5.2 Relative density/unit weight expresses the degree of compactness of a cohesionless soil with respect to the loosest anddensest condition as defined by standard laboratory procedures. Only when viewed against the possible range of variation, in termsof rela
42、tive density/unit weight, can the dry density/unit weight be related to the compaction effort used to place the soil in acompacted fill or indicate volume change and stress-strain tendencies of soil when subjected to external loading.D4254 1435.3 An absolute minimum density/unit weight is not necess
43、arily obtained by these test methods.NOTE 1In addition, there are published data to indicate that these test methods have a high degree of variability.4 However, the variability can begreatly reduced by careful calibration of equipment, and careful attention to proper test procedure and technique.5.
44、4 The use of the standard molds (6.3.16.2.1) has been found to be satisfactory for most soils requiring minimum indexdensity/unit weight testing. Special molds (6.3.26.2.2) shall only be used when the test results are to be applied in conjunction withdesign or special studies and there is not enough
45、 soil to use the standard molds. Such test results should be applied with caution,as minimum index densities/unit weights obtained with the special molds may not agree with those that would be obtained usingthe standard molds.NOTE 2The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on
46、the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of theequipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740, generally, are considered capable of competent and objectivetesting/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance
47、 with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliableresults depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.6. Apparatus6.1 Apparatus for Methods A, B, and C:6.1.1 Drying Oven, thermostatically controlled, preferably of the forced-draf
48、t type, capable of maintaining a uniformtemperature of 230 6 9F (110 6 5C) throughout the drying chamber.6.1.2 Sieves, 3-in. (75-mm), 112-in. (37.5-mm), 34-in. (19-mm), 38-in. (9.5-mm), No. 4 (4.75-mm), No. 10 (2.00-mm), and No.200 (75-m) conforming to the requirements of Specification E11.6.2 The a
49、pparatus for determining the minimum index density/unit weight of cohesionless soil by MethodsAand B is specifiedin 6.3. Apparatus required for Method C is specified in 6.4.6.2 Apparatus for Methods A and B:6.2.1 Standard MoldsCylindrical metal molds having nominal volumes of 0.1000 ft3 (2830 cm3) and 0.500 ft3 (14 200 cm3).The molds shall conform to the requirements shown in Fig. 1. The actual volume of the molds shall be within 61.5 % of thespecified nominal vo
