1、Designation: D 4361 97 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Test Method forApparent Tack of Printing Inks and Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determiningthe apparent tack of printing inks usin
3、g a mechanical orelectronic model of a three-roller tackmeter.1.2 This test method is applicable to paste-type printing inksand vehicles that are essentially nonvolatile under ordinaryroom conditions.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in par
4、entheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitat
5、ions prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 tack, na function of the force required to split a thinfluid film of a printing ink or vehicle between two rapidlyseparating surfaces; it is a rheological parameter indicative ofinternal cohesion of the fluid.2.
6、1.1.1 DiscussionTack of a printing ink or vehicle is nota fixed number but varies with operating conditions, primarilyseparation velocity, splitting area, and film thickness. Tack alsovaries with changes in the rheological properties of the ink orvehicle due to time, temperature, and interactions wi
7、th theseparating surfaces. In practice, one or more of these surfacesusually consist of rubber-like rollers that differ in compositionand geometry and whose properties tend to change with age,nature of previously run fluids, type of wash-up solvent, andmechanical flaws. On laboratory instruments, ta
8、ck readings arealso sensitive to the calibration and zero accuracy of thetackmeter employed.2.1.2 apparent tack, na tack reading obtained at a specificset of conditions.2.1.3 flying, nthe tendency of a printing ink or vehicle tobe ejected as large globules from a roller distribution system.2.1.3.1 D
9、iscussionFlying is generally most severe duringrapid roller acceleration such as occurs when switching imme-diately from zero or a slow speed to a high operating speed.2.1.4 misting, nthe tendency of a printing ink or vehicle tobe ejected as a fine aerosol from a roller distribution system.2.1.4.1 D
10、iscussionMisting is generally most severe athigh operating speeds and with fluids that produce longfilaments.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 A thin film of the test printing ink or vehicle is appliedto the three-roller distribution system of the tackmeter, whichoperates at speeds comparable to those on
11、 production printingpresses. Measurement of the frictional torque induced by dragforces in the splitting film provides an arbitrary value forapparent tack. On mechanical models, the torque is determinedwith a manually balanced lever arm, a direct-reading attach-ment, or a recorder; on electronic mod
12、els, with a digitalreadout, recorder, or printer. Readings are in units of gram-meters (g-m).3.2 The procedure in this test method is designed to give asingle value for apparent tack at a specific set of instrumentconditions. Typical conditions are as follows: a cooling watertemperature of 90F (32.2
13、C); a volume of 1.32 mL (filmthickness 12.3 m) of the test printing ink or vehicle applied tothe rollers; an operating speed of 400 r/min for vehicles, 800r/min for sheet-fed offset inks, and 1200 r/min for web-fedinks; and a reading after 1 min of operation. Alternativeconditions may be used by agr
14、eement between the supplier andthe customer.3.3 Instructions are also given for calibration of the Inko-meter and for minimizing effects of interactions among therollers, test fluids, and wash-up solvents.4. Significance and Use4.1 Tack of printing inks controls their high-speed transferproperties,
15、as manifested by throughput in roll milling, pickingof paper during printing, and wet trapping in multicolorprinting. Although an apparent tack measurement does notcompletely predict the transfer performance of an ink or avehicle, it provides a meaningful parameter for quality control,1This test met
16、hod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paintand Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks. Subcommittee D01.37 on Ink Vehiclesassisted in the development of the vehicle portion of this test method.Current edi
17、tion approved Dec. 10, 1997. Published September 1998. Originallypublished as D 4361 84. Last previous edition D 4361 89 (1996).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.development, and research.4.2 A given tackmeter will prod
18、uce repeatable results on aday-to-day basis only if proper attention is paid to calibrationand maintenance procedures and to control of experimentalvariables referred to in 2.1.1.1.4.3 Two or more instruments may not produce identicalapparent tack readings, but if each gives repeatable results,they
19、may be mathematically correlated.NOTE 1A number of three-roller tackmeters are available which differin design features such as roller weight, geometry, and composition of thedistribution system. It cannot be presumed that test results from theseother types of tackmeters will either agree or correla
20、te with those from thetackmeters specified in 6.1 and 6.2 of this test method.5. Interferences5.1 Tackmeter SquealA high pitched whine or squeal maybe noted when running high tack fluids or at high rotatingspeeds, or both. Squeal may result in instability of the balancebeam or direct reading attachm
21、ent of mechanical models, orfluctuation of the digital readout of electronic models, makingdefinite readings difficult.6. Apparatus6.1 Three-Roller TackmeterModels differ in availablespeeds and type of readout as follows:6.1.1 Mechanical Models, operate three or four fixed speedsselected from among
22、400, 800, 1200, and 2000 r/min. A directreading attachment or a recorder is recommended to supple-ment the manually operated balance beam.6.1.2 Electronic Models, operate at variable speeds rangingfrom 100 to 2000 or 3000 r/min. A recorder or printer, or both,are recommended to supplement the digita
23、l readout.NOTE 2To convert to units of linear speed, multiply revolutions perminute by 0.785 to obtain feet per minute or by 0.004 to obtain metres persecond.6.2 Tackmeter Rollers, of suitable composition, preferablyone set for each major system to be evaluated (see 10.3.1.) Aset consists of a top (
24、measuring) roller 318 in. (79 mm) indiameter and 618 in. (155 mm) in length, and a vibrator 2.0 in.(51 mm) in diameter and 714 in. (184 mm) in length. Togetherwith the fixed brass roller, the total surface area of thedistribution system is 166 in.2(0.107 m2). The measuring rollerweighs 9.2 lb (4.2 k
25、g) on mechanical models and 9.6 lb (4.4kg) on electronic models.6.3 Ink Pipet, consisting of a metal cylinder and a metal orTFE-fluorocarbon plunger. Suitable pipets include fixed-volume pipets, 1.32-mL capacity; and variable volume mi-cropipets, 2-mL capacity, accurate to 0.01 mL.6.4 Stopwatch or T
26、imer, accurate to 1 s.6.5 Ink Knife, small, free from nicks and rough edges.6.6 Manufacturers Calibration Apparatus, for the specificmodel tackmeter.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Wash-Up Solvent, compatible with the test system, fastevaporating, and having minimal effect on the rollers; it shouldbe a
27、cceptable environmentally. Hydrocarbon solvents with aninitial boiling range of 250 to 350F (120 to 177C), a finalboiling range of 300 to 400F (150 to 205C), a Kauri-Butanolvalue of 30 to 40 and less than 1 % benzene content areappropriate for many sheet-fed and heat-set systems. Specificsolvents ma
28、y be required for unique systems.7.2 Rags or Wipers, clean, soft, absorbent, lint-free.7.3 Manufacturers Current Manual, for the specific modeltackmeter.8. Hazards8.1 Never let an ink or a vehicle dry completely on therollers of the tackmeter. (WarningNever turn the ZERObutton except during the cali
29、bration process (see 12.2.1).8.2 Take care not to damage the rollers during the cleaningprocess or by leaving them in contact when the instrument isnot in use.8.3 Do not disengage the balance beam of a mechanicalmodel except when taking a reading.9. Sampling and Test Specimen9.1 Carefully select a s
30、ample that is free of skin and othercontamination and representative of the lot being evaluated. Aminimum of 3 to 4 mL is sufficient for two specimens. Transferto a clean container, protect with skin paper, close, and seal.9.2 When ready to make a run (see 12.3), fill the ink pipetas follows: Transf
31、er 1.5 to 2 mL of sample to a clean glassplate; close and reseal the container. Gently work up with anink knife but do not aerate. Fill the ink pipet with 1.32 mL ofthe worked sample (or with a smaller volume (0.5 to 1.0 mL)if a thinner film thickness is desired). Use the ink knife to forcethe speci
32、men into the cylinder while slowly pulling back theram. Wipe excess material off the top of the pipet.NOTE 3A specimen volume of 1.32 mL, divided by the roller surfacearea of 0.010 ft2(0.107 m2), gives an initial film thickness of 12.3 mwhen distributed uniformly on the roller system. However, the o
33、ccurrenceof appreciable flying or misting will result in loss of specimen from therollers. Hence, operating film thickness is unknown.10. Preparation and Conditioning of the Tackmeter10.1 Locate the tackmeter on a sturdy bench in a draft-freetemperature-controlled environment, preferably 73.5 6 3.5F
34、(23 6 2C). Humidity control is necessary for test samples thatare moisture-sensitive or prone to misting.10.2 Set the water bath at 90.0 6 0.2F (32.2 6 0.1C). Alltests are to be run at this temperature. (See also A1.3.)10.3 Prior to use, ascertain the nature of the test sample forthe following reaso
35、ns:10.3.1 Roller conditioningUse only an instrument havingrollers well broken in for the type of test system. The break-inprocedure is given in A1.2. A separate set of broken-in rollersis mandatory for radiation curing systems. The necessity forseparate sets of broken-in rollers, or for extensive re
36、condition-ing when switching among different types of conventional testsystems shall be determined in each laboratory.10.3.2 Operating speedVehicles are most commonly runat 400 r/min, alternatively at 800 r/min; sheet-fed inks at 800r/min, alternatively at 400 or 1200 r/min; and web-fed inks at1200
37、r/min, alternatively at 800 or 2000 r/min. (The conversionto linear speed is given in Note 2.)10.4 Prior to the first use of the day, equilibrate thetackmeter as follows:D 4361 97 (Reapproved 2002)210.4.1 Warm up the instrument by activating the watercooling system. Engage the two composition roller
38、s and run atthe lowest available speed for about 30 min.10.4.2 Make a conditioning run with a specimen represen-tative of the system to be evaluated. Apply 1 to 1.5 mL of theink or vehicle, and run for 5 to 10 min at the specified testspeed (see 10.3.2). Clean up as directed in Section 13.11. Calibr
39、ation of the Tackmeter11.1 Calibrate the tackmeter before initial use and periodi-cally as needed. First, conduct the necessary steps in 10.3 and10.4.11.2 Using the manufacturers calibration apparatus, followthe directions in the instrument manual.11.2.1 Mechanical ModelsZero and calibrate the balan
40、cebeam (and direct reading attachment or recorder, if they are tobe used) at the test speed specified in 10.3.2.11.2.2 Electronic ModelsZero and calibrate the digitalreadout (and recorder, if it is to be used) at 1000 r/min. Whencalibration is completed, check the dry reading at the specifiedtest sp
41、eed (see 10.3.2).NOTE 4Three-roller tackmeters can be calibrated at only one speed.11.3 After each calibration or at regular periods, make a testrun with a standard ink or vehicle. (See A1.5.)12. Procedure for Tack Evaluation12.1 If necessary, make preparations as in 10.3 and 10.4,and calibrate as i
42、n Section 11. If using an electronic model,make sure the motor is preset to the test speed specified in10.3.2 and the drive is in the LOW mode.12.2 Engage the rollers and run at the specified test speed. Ifthe dry reading differs from zero by more than 60.5 g-m,reclean the rollers in accordance with
43、 13.1 or recalibrate inaccordance with Section 11.12.2.1 The dry reading on a properly calibrated instrumentis directly related to the condition of the top (measuring) roller;therefore, large deviations from zero are suspect. Usual causesare inadequate cleaning, residual sample or wash-up solvent, o
44、rmechanical damage. Do not turn the ZERO button, as doing sowill shift the scale. Do not attempt to compensate by subtract-ing the dry reading from the test reading. Always reclean orrecalibrate. Should large deviations from zero persist, contactthe manufacturer about the possibility of serious mech
45、anicaldamage.12.3 Turn the instrument off, disengage the rollers, and fillthe pipet as in 9.2. Transfer its contents to the vibrator in aseries of thin ribbons around the middle 5 in. (125 mm) of theroller. Wipe any specimen remaining in the pipet onto a cleanplace on the same roller. Reengage the r
46、ollers.12.4 Distribute the specimen on the rollers and start the runas follows:12.4.1 Mechanical Models with Electronic Transmission:12.4.1.1 Manually turn the motor coupling about ten revo-lutions, or until the specimen appears evenly distributed amongthe three rollers.12.4.1.2 Set the gears at 400
47、 r/min, start the motor and thestopwatch simultaneously, and let the ink distribute for 15 s.Stop the motor but not the stopwatch.12.4.1.3 Quickly switch the gears to the test speed (specifiedin 10.3.2) and immediately restart the motor, noting the time onthe stopwatch.12.4.2 Mechanical Model MBC:12
48、.4.2.1 Place the fingertips against the sides of the brassroller and manually turn about ten revolutions, or until thespecimen appears evenly distributed among the three rollers.Do not touch the surface of the rollers.12.4.2.2 Place the speed control switch at the 150 r/minposition. Simultaneously d
49、epress the power switch and start thestopwatch. Let the ink distribute for 15 s.12.4.2.3 Quickly reposition the speed control switch to thetest speed, noting the time on the stopwatch.12.4.3 Electronic Models:12.4.3.1 Place the fingertips against the sides of the brassroller and manually turn about ten revolutions, or until thespecimen appears evenly distributed among the three rollers.Do not touch the surface of the rollers.12.4.3.2 Depress the DRIVE button and simultaneouslyactivate the stopwatch. Let the ink distribute for 15 s at theautomatic
